HOCHIMINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Introduce the mathematical model for loads.
Different types of Static and Dynamic Load Models.
3
Part 1: Description of a power system.
Part 2: Overview of modelling.
Part 3: Different types of static and
dynamic load models.
Part 4: Conclusion.
4
1.1. Description of a power system
1.2. Load classification
1.3. Signification of load modelling
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The power system is subdivided into
(LOADS)
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7
Industrial processes
Heavy industrial
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lighting
refrigerator
fan
television
air conditioner
electric heating
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Discharge
Lighting
Air conditioner
Escalator
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Induction motors
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Power system load is complicated
The exact composition of load is difficult to estimate
The composition changes depending on time, weather
conditions, state of the economy
Figure 1: Power system configuration identifying parts of the system represented as load at a bulk power delivery point
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2.1. What is model ?
2.2. Load models
2.3. Load modelling approaches
2.4. Applications of modelling
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A model is a set of equations to describe the
relationship between the input and output of a
system.
equations
14
Load models express the characteristic of the load as
algebraic functions of the bus voltage magnitude and
frequency, and the power consumed by the load:
active and reactive.
f v
o o
o
f
f
V
V
P P
o o
(

=
Ex:
15
There are essentially two approaches to the
determination of system load characteristics:
- Component based
- Measurement based
The component based approach lends itself more readily
to model generalization
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Each load component type is tested to determine
the relationship between real and reactive power
requirements versus applied voltage and frequency.
Component based approach (bottom up approach)
A load model is developed from the respective test
data (poly or exp form).
The load model is expressed on a per unit basic.
17
Component based approach (bottom up approach)
Bulk power
delivery point
Bus load
Load class
mix
Load
component
Component
characteristics
Industrial Commercial Residential Agricultural.
Space heater Water heater Air conditioner Lighting Refrigeration
Power factor P(V,f) Q(V,f) More parameters
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Measurement based approach (top down approach)
Measurements are taken at either a substation and
feeders, some load aggregation point along a feeder,
or at some individual load point at selected times of
the day and season
Variation of frequency is not usually performed.
Voltage is varied and the measured real and
reactive power consumption recorded.
Statistical methods are then used to determine
load models.
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Measurement based approach (top down approach)
WW WW
Switch caps
LOAD LOAD
Typically 12.5 kV
Typically 115 kV
Figure 2: Typical station configuration for testing load characteristics
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conclusion
The component test method was used to
characterize individual load components, used in
simulation studies.
The measurement method was used to an aggregate
of actual loads to verify and validate the component
method.
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Static applications:
The applications are divided into two broad
categories: Static and dynamic
Power flow (PF).
Voltage stability (VS)
Distribution power flow (DPF)
Harmonic power flow (HPF)
Transmission power flow (TPF)
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Dynamic applications:
The applications are divided into two broad
categories: Static and dynamic
Transient stability (TS)
Dynamic stability (DS)
Operator training simulators (OTS)
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3.1. Static Load models
3.2. Dynamic Load models
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- Static load model is not dependent on time.
- A static model expresses the characteristics of the
load at any instant of time as algebraic functions of
the bus voltage magnitude and frequency at that
instant.
- Used for a long time for both purpose: Represent
static load components, Approximate dynamic
components.
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Parameters.
0
0
pv
V
V
P
P
k
A
A
=
0
0
qv
V
V
Q
Q
k
A
A
=
0
0
pf
f
f
P
P
k
A
A
=
0
f
0
qf
f
Q
Q
k
A
A
=
Where:
- P
0
, Q
0
, f
0
, V
0
are active and reactive power, frequency, voltage at the
initial opearting condition.
- k
pv
, k
qv
, k
pf
, k
qf
are the voltage and frequency sensitivity parameters of
the model.
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a. Constant impedance load model.
The power varies directly with the square of the
voltage magnitude.
2
0
0
V
V
P P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
0
0
V
V
Q Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
27
b. Constant current load model.
The power varies directly with the voltage magnitude.
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
V
V
P P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
V
V
Q Q
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c. Constant power load model.
The power does not vary with changes in voltage
magnitude.
0
P P =
0
Q Q =
29
d. Polynomial load model.
This is a static load model that represents the power
relationship to voltage magnitude as a polynomial
equation.
This model is sometimes referred to as the ZIP
model, as it is composed of constant impedance (Z),
constant current (I) and constant power (P)
components.
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d. Polynomial load model.
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
0
2
2
0
1 0
a
V
V
a
V
V
a P P
Equation:
Where:
When using these models for representing a bus load P
0
, Q
0
, f
0
, V
0
are active
and reactive power, frequency, voltage at the initial opearting condition.
- a1...a6: parameters of this model, which define the proportion of each
component. a1 + a2 + a3 = a4 + a5 + a6 =1
- Vo is the rated voltage of the device.
Po, Qo are active and reactive power consumed at rated voltage.
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
6
0
5
2
0
4 0
a
V
V
a
V
V
a Q Q
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e. Exponential load model.
This is a static load model that represents the power
relationship to voltage as an exponential equation.
np
0
0
V
V
P P
|
|
.
|

\
|
= Equation:
nq
0
0
V
V
Q Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
- np and nq are parameters of this model. With these exponents equal to 0, 1,
or 2, the model represents constant power, constant current, or constant
impedance chracteristics, respectively.
Where:
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e. Exponential load model.
Other exponents can be
used to represent the
aggregate effect of
different types of load
components.
Table 3.1: Parameters for voltage dependencies of Static Loads
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f. Frequency dependent load model.
The frequency denpendency of load characteristics is
usually represented by multiplying the exponential
model or the polinomial model by a factor.
[1 + K
pf
.f] [1 + K
qf
.f]
-f is the frequency sensivity parameter of this model
f= f f
0
With: f is the frequency of the bus voltage and f
0
is the rated
frequency.
- K
pf
& K
qf
is the frequency sensitivity parameter
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( ) f . K 1
V
V
P P
pf
np
0
0
A +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( ) f . K 1
V
V
Q Q
qf
np
0
0
A +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( ) f . K 1 a
V
V
a
V
V
a P P
pf 3
0
2
2
0
1 0
A +
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( ) f . K 1 a
V
V
a
V
V
a Q Q
qf 3
0
2
2
0
1 0
A +
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Equation: Where:
- P
0
, Q
0
, V
0
are active and reactive
power, voltage at the initial opearting
condition
- np and nq are parameters of this
model.
-K
pf
is the active power frequency
damping coefficient.
-K
qf
is the reactive power frequency
damping coefficient.
f. Frequency dependent load model.
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f. Frequency dependent load model.
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g. Combine Exponential and Polynomial model.
Exponential and Polynomial models may be combined to
form a synthesized static model that offers greater
flexibility in representing various load characteristics.
P = P
0
[P
ZIP
+ P
EX1
+ P
EX2
]
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
0
2
2
0
1 ZIP
a
V
V
a
V
V
a P
( ) f . K 1
V
V
a P
1 pf
1 np
0
4 1 EXP
A +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( ) f . K 1
V
V
a P
2 pf
2 np
0
5 2 EXP
A +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Where:
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conclusion
Constant impedance load model
Constant current load model
Constant power load model
Polynomial load model
Exponential load model
Frequency dependent load model
Combine exponential and polynomial model
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Dynamic load model expresses the active and reactive
powers at any instant of time as functions of the
voltage manitude and frequency at the past instance
of time and usually, including the present instant.
When the traditional static load models are not
sufficient to represent the behavior of the load, the
dynamic load models are necessary.
Using measurement based or component based
approach to determine parameters.
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Equation:
t s
0
0
0
0 t s r
r
p
V
V
P
V
V
P ) V ( P ) V ( P P
dt
dP
T
o o
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= + = +
t
0
0 r l
V
V
P P P
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
-T
p
: the active power recovery time constant.
- P
r
: the active power recovery.
- P
0
: the initial value of active power before the voltage change.
- V
0
: initial voltage value.
-
s
: the steady state active power voltage exponent.
-
t
: the transient active power voltage exponent.
- P
L
the active power consumption
Where:
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Equation:
t s
0
0
0
0 t s r
r
q
V
V
Q
V
V
Q ) V ( Q ) V ( Q Q
dt
dQ
T
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= + = +
t
0
0 r l
V
V
Q Q Q
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
-T
q
: the reactive power recovery time constant.
- Q
r
: the reactive power recovery.
- Q
0
: the initial value of reactive power before the voltage change.
- V
0
: initial voltage value.
-
s
: the steady state reactive power voltage exponent.
-
t
: the transient reactive power voltage exponent.
- Q
L
the reactive power consumption
Where:
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Figure 3: Load response under U step, from the U
0
level
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4.1. Conclusion
4.2. Limits
4.3. Future development
4.4. References
4.5. Contact
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4.1 Conclusion
This report has fulfilled its intend objectives of investigating
different types of load modeling
4.2 Limits
Load modeling is not deeply research
Most contents are theoretical analysis, no simulation has been
done
4.3 Future development
The dynamic load model should be studied
Modelling of induction motors
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4.4 References
2. Prabha Kundur, Power System Stability and Control,
McGraw-Hill, Newyork, 271314, 1994.
4.5 Contact
Nguyen Phat Loi
Email: nguyenphatloi@gmail.com
Phone: 0975.828.428
3. William H.Kersting, Distribution System, New Mexico State
University.
1. Masoud Babazadeh, The lastest development on dynamic load
modelling in power system, Monash University, Australia.
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