Prepared by:

Joselito DL. Torculas, EcE

LHospitals Rule
Suppose f and g are differentiable and .
Suppose that:


or that,

Then,


( ) 0 ' = x g
( ) ( ) 0 lim 0 lim = =

x g and x f
a x a x
( ) ( ) = =

x g and x f
a x a x
lim lim
( )
( )
( )
( )
= =

x g
x f
x g
x f
a x a x
'
'
lim lim
1. Evaluate:



a. 3 c. no limit
b. 11/4 d. 1/3

( )
( )
( )
( )
= =

x g
x f
x g
x f
a x a x
'
'
lim lim
4
10 3
lim
2
2
2

x
x x
x
2. Calculate:

.


a. 0 c.
b. 1 d.

1
x
x
x
2
ln
lim

( )
( )
( )
( )
= =

x g
x f
x g
x f
a x a x
'
'
lim lim
3. Find:

.


a. 1/3 c. 2/3
b. 3/4 d. 0

x
x
x
3 sin
2 sin
lim
0
Algebraic Functions

( ) 0 = c
dx
d
( )
dx
du
nu u
dx
d
n n 1
=
( )
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ =
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
v
u
dx
d

=
|
.
|

\
|
Trigonometric Functions

( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cos sin =
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
sin cos =
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
2
sec tan =
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
2
csc cot =
( )
dx
du
u u u
dx
d
tan sec sec = ( )
dx
du
u u u
dx
d
cot csc csc =
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
arcsin

= ( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
arccos

=
( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
arctan
+
= ( )
dx
du
u
arc
dx
d
2
1
1
cot
+
=
( )
dx
du
u u
arc
dx
d
1
1
sec
2

= ( )
dx
du
u u
u arc
dx
d
1
1
csc
2

=
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

( )
dx
du
u
e
u
dx
d
a
a
log
log = ( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d 1
ln =
( )
dx
du
a a a
dx
d
u u
ln =
( )
dx
du
e e
dx
d
u u
=
( )
dx
dv
u u
dx
du
vu u
dx
d
v v v
ln
1
+ =

Hyperbolic Functions

( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cosh sinh = ( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
sinh cosh =
( )
dx
du
u h u
dx
d
2
sec tanh = ( )
dx
du
u h u
dx
d
2
csc coth =
( )
dx
du
u hu hu
dx
d
tanh sec sec = ( )
dx
du
u hu hu
dx
d
coth csc csc =
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

( )
dx
du
u
hu
dx
d
1
1
arcsin
2
+
= ( )
dx
du
u
hu
dx
d
1
1
arccos
2

=
( )
dx
du
u
hu
dx
d
2
1
1
arctan

= ( )
dx
du
u
u arc
dx
d
2
1
1
coth

=
( )
dx
du
u u
hu arc
dx
d
2
1
1
sec

=
( )
dx
du
u u
hu arc
dx
d
2
1
1
csc
+
=
4. Differentiate:



a. c.

b. d.
2
5 1 x y =
2
5 1
5
'
x
x
y

=
2
5 1 5 ' x x y =
2
5 1 5 ' x x y =
2
5 1
5
'
x
x
y

=
( )
dx
du
nu u
dx
d
n n 1
=
5. Differentiate:


a.
b.
c.
d.
x x y 2 cos
2
=
x x x y 2 sin 2 cos 2 '
2
+ =
x x x x y 2 cos 2 2 sin 2 '
2
=
x x x x y 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 '
2
+ =
x x x x y 2 cos 2 2 sin 2 '
2
+ =
( )
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ =
6. Find the first derivative of:



a. c.

b. d.
( )
2
4 arcsin x y =
2
4 1
4 arcsin 8
x
x

2
16 1
4 arcsin 8
x
x

2
16 1
4 arcsin 4
x
x

2
16 1
4 arcsin 2
x
x

7. Find y if:



a. c.

b. d.
x
e y
2 sin
=
x e
x
2 cos
2 sin
x e
x
2 sin
2 cos

x e
x
2 cos 2
2 sin
x e
x
cos 2
sin
8. Find y if:



a. c.

b. d.
x
y
4
2 =
2 ln 3
2 4 + x
3 ln 3
2 2 + x
4 ln 2
2 3 + x
2 ln 2
2 4 + x
9. Find the second derivative of the function:



a. c.

b. d.
x x y ln
2
=
( ) x x ln 2 1+
x ln 2
x
2
x ln 2 3+
D.C. APPLICATION : SLOPE OF THE TANGENT LINE
Slope of the Tangent Line
The slope of the tangent line at the
point of tangency is equal to .
Equation of the Tangent Line at point (h,k) on the curve:

Slope of the Normal Line
The slope of the normal line to a given
curve is equal to .

Equation of the Normal Line at point (h,k) on the curve:


( )
T
m
' y
( ) h x y k y = '
( )
N
m
'
1
y

( ) h x
y
k y =
'
1
10. Find the equation of the tangent line to

at the origin.

a. c.
b. d.

0 2 3
2 2
= + + y x y x
0 2 = + y x 0 2 = + y x
0 2 = y x 0 2 = y x
Equation of the Tangent Line at point (h,k) on the curve:
( ) h x y k y = '
At maximum or minimum points, the tangent line is
horizontal or the slope is zero.



Point of Inflection
The point of inflection is a point at which the
curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward, or vice versa. At the points of inflection,
the second derivative of y is zero.

( ) 0 ' ' = = = x f y
dx
dy
0 "= y
D.C. APPLICATION : MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Steps in Solving Maxima/Minima Problems:

1. Draw the diagram if needed in the problem.
2. Identify the variable to be maximized or
minimized.
3. Express this variable in terms of the other
relevant variable(s).
4. If the function shall consist of more than one
variable, express in terms of one variable
using the conditions in the problem.
5. Differentiate the equation and equate to
zero.


D.C. APPLICATION : MAXIMA AND MINIMA
11. Given the function . Find
the coordinates of the maximum
point.

a. (0,0) c. (2,0)
b. (1,0) d. (1,1)

( )
2
2
2 = x x y
12. Given the function:


Determine the coordinates of the point of
inflection.

a. (-1,-3) c. (0,5)
b. (2,9) d. (1,7)

5 4 3
2 3
+ + = x x x y
13. Two posts, one 7 ft high and the other 8 ft
high, stand 8 ft apart. They are to be
stayed by wires attached to a single stake
at ground level, the wires running to the
tops of the posts. What is the shortest length
of wire that will able to implement this
setup?

a. 17 ft c. 19 ft
b. 18 ft d. 20 ft


14. A man wishes to use 40 ft fencing to
enclose a rectangular garden. Determine
the maximum possible area of his garden.

a. 64 sq. ft c. 400 sq. ft.
b. 100 sq. ft. d. 1600 sq. ft.


15. A telephone company has to run a line from a
point A on one side of a river to another point
B that is on the other side, 30 km down from
the point opposite A. The river is uniformly 10
km wide. The company can run the line along
the shoreline to a point C and then run the line
under the river to B. The cost of laying the line
along the shore is P5000 per km, and the cost
of laying it under water is P12000 per km.
Where the point C should be located to
minimize the cost?

a. 5.167 km c. 4.583 km
b. 6.435 km d. 3.567 km

16. Find two numbers whose sum is 36 and the
product of one by the square of the other is
a maximum.

a. 13 and 23 c. 16 and 20
b. 25 and 11 d. 12 and 24

17. A rectangular box open at the top is to be
formed from a rectangular piece of
cardboard 3 inches by 8 inches. What side
of square should be cut from each corner
to form the box with maximum volume?

a. 3 in. c. 1.5 in.
b. 0.67 in. d. 2 in.

18. A closed cylindrical can must have a
volume of 1000 in
3
. Its lateral surface is to
be constructed from a rectangular piece
of metal and its top and bottom are to be
stamped from square pieces of metal and
the rest of the square discarded. What
height will minimize the amount of metal
needed in the construction of the can?

a. 30/pi in. c. 50/pi in.
b. 40/pi in. d. 60/pi in.


Steps in Solving Time-Rate Problems:

1. Draw the diagram if needed. Label the
diagram with the numerical values given in the
problem.
2. Determine the given rates and the rate needed
in the problem.
3. Using the diagram or conditions in the problem,
find an equation relating all the given and
unknown variables.
4. Find a relationship that will equate the equation
into a single variable if possible.
5. Differentiate the equation.
6. Substitute all the necessary given values and
solve for the unknown rate.

D.C. APPLICATION : TIME-RATES
19. A spherical toy balloon is being filled with
gas at the rate of 500 mm
3
/sec. When the
diameter is 0.5 m, find the rate (in mm
2
/sec)
at which the surface area is increasing.

a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 5

20. A man is riding his car at the rate of 30
km/hr toward the foot of the pole 10 m
high. At what rate is he approaching the
top when he is 40 m from the foot of the
pole?

a. -5.60 m/s c. -8.08 m/s
b. -6.78 m/s d. -4.86 m/s

21. A ladder 10 ft long is resting against the
side of a building. If the foot of the ladder
slips away from the wall at the rate of
2 ft/min, how fast is the angle between the
ladder and the building changing when
the foot of the ladder is 6 ft away from the
building?

a. 0.5 rad/min c. 0.25 rad/min
b. 0.33 rad/min d. 0.67 rad/min

STANDARDS OF INTEGRATION
}
+ = c u du
}
+ = c au adu
( ) ( )
} }
= du u f a du u af
( )
} } } }
= zdu ydu xdu du z y x
( ) ( )
} }
+ = c dx x f
a
du au f
1
Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
}
+ = c au adu
c
a
a
du a
u
u
+ =
}
ln
1
1
1
1
= +
+
=
+
}
n for c u
n
du u
n n
c e du e
u u
+ =
}
}
+ = c u
u
du
ln
c u u u udu + =
}
ln ln
Trigonometric Functions
}
+ = c u udu cos sin
}
+ = c u udu sin cos
}
+ = c u udu sec ln tan
}
+ = c u udu csc ln cot
}
+ + = c u u udu tan sec ln sec
}
+ + = c u u udu cot csc ln csc
( )
}
+ = c u u u udu cos sin
2
1
sin
2
( )
}
+ + = c u u u udu cos sin
2
1
cos
2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
}
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

c
a
u
u a
du
arcsin
2 2
}
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
c
a
u
a
u a
du
arctan
1
2 2
}
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

c
a
u
arc
a
a u u
du
sec
1
2 2
Hyperbolic Functions
}
+ = c u udu cosh sinh
}
+ = c u udu sinh cosh
}
+ = c u udu cosh ln tanh
}
+ = c u udu sinh ln coth
( )
}
+ = c u hudu tanh arcsin sec
}
+
|
.
|

\
|
= c
u
hudu
2
tanh ln csc
Integration by Parts
Trigonometric Substitution

a. When the integrand involves a
2
x
2
, use x = asin .
b. When the integrand involves a
2
+ x
2
, use x = atan.
c. When the integrand involves x
2
a
2
,use x = a sec.



} }
= vdu uv udv
Wallis Formula
where:

( )( ) ( ) | | ( )( ) ( ) | |
( )( ) ( )
o
u u u
t
1 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1
cos sin
2
0
or n m n m
or n n or m m
d
n m

+ +

=
}
. 1
.
2
otherwise if
even are n and m both when
=
=
o
t
o
1. Solve:



a. c.

b. d.
( ) c x + +
2
3
2
4
5
1
( )
}

+
2
3
2
4 x
xdx
( ) c x + +
2
5
2
4
5
1
( ) c x + +
2
5
2
4
5
1
( ) c x + +
2
5
2
6
5
1
1
1
1
1
= +
+
=
+
}
n for c u
n
du u
n n
2. Integrate:



a.

b.

c.

d.
( )
}

+
dx
x
x
2
2
2
c x x x + + 2 ln 16 6
2
1
2
c x x x + + + + 2 ln 16 6
2
1
2
c x x x + + + 2 ln 16 6
2
1
2
c x x x + + 2 ln 16 6
2
1
2
3. Find:



a. c.

b. d.
}
dx xe
x 3
c x xe
x
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
3
1
3
1
3
c x e
x
+
|
.
|

\
|

3
1
3
1
3
c x xe
x
+
|
.
|

\
|

3
1
3
1
3
c x e
x
+ +
3
1
3
1
3
4. Find:



a. c.

b. d.
}

dx
x
x x
sin
sin 3 cot 2
2
c x x + +cos csc
2
c x x + + sin 2 sec
c x x + + cos 3 csc 2
c x x + + 2 cos 2 sin
5. Integrate:



a. c.

b. d.
( )
}

2
3
2
9 x
dx
c
x
x
+

2
9 9
c
x
x
+

2
9
c
x
x
+

2
9
c
x
x
+

2
9
9
6. Find:



a. 16/1155 c. 8/99
b. 16/1001 d. 8/1155
}
2
0
7 4
cos sin
t
u u u d
7. Solve:




a. 88/3 c. 3
b. 89 d. 79/3
( )
} }

4
2
3
1
2
dydx y x
IC APPLICATION : PLANE AREAS
Using Horizontal Strip


Using Vertical Strip


Using Polar Coordinates


( )
}
=
2
1
y
y
L R
dy x x A
( )
}
=
2
1
x
x
L U
dx y y A
}
=
2
1
2
2
1
u
u
u d r A
8. Determine the area of the region
bounded by the parabola y = 9 x
2
and
the line x + y = 7.

a. 4.5 sq. units c. 1.5 sq. units
b. 2.5 sq. units d. 3.5 sq. units


9. Find the area bounded by the curves
y = x
4
x
2
and y = x
2
- 1.

a. 16/13 sq. units c. 15/4 sq. units
b. 16/15 sq. units d. 17/3 sq. units


10. Find the area of the region bounded by the
curve r
2
= 16cos .

a. 16 sq. units c. 30 sq. units
b. 32 sq. units d. 25 sq. units


I.C. APPLICATION: LENGTH OF A PLANE CURVE
in Rectangular Form


in Parametric Form


in Polar Form
dy
dy
dx
dx
dx
dy
S
b
a
b
a
} } |
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
2
1 1
dt
dt
dy
dt
dx
S
b
a
}
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
u
u
u
u
d
d
dr
r S
}
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
1
2
2
11. Find the length of arc of the parabola
y
2
= 4x from the vertex to a point where
x = 4.

a. 4.92 c. 6.92
b. 5.92 d. 7.92


dy
dy
dx
S
y
y
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
1
2
1
12. Find the perimeter of the curve



a. 26 c. 30
b. 28 d. 32


( ) u sin 1 4 = r
u
u
u
u
d
d
dr
r S
}
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
1
2
2
I.C. APPLICATION : CENTROID OF PLANE AREAS
Using Horizontal/Vertical Strip




where (x
c
,y
c
) is the centroid of the strip.

For Rectangles

TOTAL TOTAL
A
y A y A
y
A
x A x A
x
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
;
+
=
+
=
} }
= =
2
1
2
1
y
y
c
x
x
c
dy x dx x x A
} }
= =
2
1
2
1
y
y
c
x
x
c
dy y dx y y A
13. The given area is bounded by the curve
y = x
2
and the line 2x + y = 8. Determine
the x-component of the centroid of the
area.

a. -2 c. -0.8
b. -1 d. -0.5


14. A small square 5 cm by 5 cm is cut out of
one corner of a rectangular cardboard
20 cm wide by 30 cm long. How far from
the uncut longer side is the centroid of
the remaining area?

a. 9.56 cm c. 9.48 cm
b. 9.35 cm d. 9.67 cm


I.C. APPLICATION : MOMENT OF INERTIA OF
PLANE AREAS
About the x-axis (use horizontal strip)



About the y-axis (use vertical strip)

}
= =
2
1
;
2
y
y
x
xdy A dA y I
}
= =
2
1
;
2
x
x
y
ydx A dA x I
15. Find the moment of inertia of the area
bounded by the curve x
2
= 8y, the line x = 4
and the x-axis on the first quadrant with
respect to the y-axis.

a. 1.14 c. 15.1
b. 2.15 d. 25.6


}
= =
2
1
;
2
x
x
y
ydx A dA x I
I.C. APPLICATION : VOLUME OF SOLID
OF REVOLUTION
Circular Disk Method


Circular Ring Method (Washer Method)


Cylindrical Shell Method

( ) ( )
} }
= =
2
1
2
1
2 2
y
y
L R
x
x
L U
dy x x V or dx y y V t t
( ) ( )
} }
= =
2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
y
y
L R
x
x
L U
dy x x V or dx y y V t t
( )
}
= =
2
1
; 2
x
x
rotation L U
x x r dx y y r V t
( )
}
= =
2
1
; 2
y
y
rotation L R
y y r dy x x r V t
16. Find the volume of the solid of revolution
obtained by revolving the region bounded
by y = x x
2
and the x-axis about the x-axis?

a. pi/15 cu. units c. pi/30 cu. units
b. pi/45 cu. units d. pi/60 cu. units


17. What is the volume generated when the
area in the first quadrant bounded by the
curve x
2
= 8y, the line x = 4 and the x-axis is
revolved about the y-axis.

a. 40.13 cu. units c. 50.26 cu. units
b. 45.78 cu. units d. 30.56 cu. units


18. Find the volume obtained if the region
bounded by y = x
2
, y = 8 x
2
and the y-axis
is rotated about the x-axis.

a. 156pi/3 cu. units c. 254pi/3 cu. units
b. 256pi/3 cu. units d. 356pi/3 cu. units


PAPPUS THEOREM
First Proposition of Pappus :

where A is area, S is the length of arc and r is the distance
from the centroid of the arc to the axis of revolution.

Second Proposition of Pappus :

where V is the volume and r is the shortest distance from
the centroid of the area to be revolved to the axis of
revolution.
rS A t 2 =
rA V t 2 =
19. Find the surface area of a right circular
cylinder with radius of 20 cm and height of
30 cm.

a. 1276.5 cm
2
c. 3568.3 cm
2

b. 2265.4 cm
2
d. 4100.5 cm
2




20. Determine the volume generated by
rotating the curve x
2
+ y
2
= 25 about the
line x 10 = 0.

a. 4560.1 cu. units c. 4934.8 cu. units
b. 5142.2 cu. units d. 6142.5 cu. units