Technology Training

January 24, 2013

saket.n@mail01.huawei.com

Outline
LTE radio resources
Duplex techniques FDD / TDD
Multiple antenna techniques
Reference signals
Throughput calculation
Rank Index
PCI (Physical cell identity)
Cyclic prefix (CP)
Network architecture
Attach/Detach
Important DT parameters


2
Resource Block
LTE radio resource = time-frequency chunk
3
Time domain
1 frame = 10 ms = 10 sub-frames
1 subframe = 1 ms = 2 time slots
1 slot = 0.5 ms = 7 (or 6) OFDM
symbols
Frequency domain
1 OFDM carrier = 15KHz
Resource Block (RB) = 12
carriers in one TS
(12*15KHz x 0.5ms)
Scalable Bandwidth
4
Parameter Value
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Frame /subframe
duration
10/1 ms
Subcarrier spacing 15KHz
Resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
Number of used
subcarriers
72 180 300 600 900 1200
OFDM symbols /slot 7 (normal CP), 6 (extended CP)
TDD & FDD


5
TDD frame configurations
Different configurations allow
balancing between DL and UL
capacity
Adjacent cells have same allocation
6
TDD Special Subframe Configurations
7
Special Subframe Formats
Multi antenna techniques
LTE uses of multiple antennas at
both communication ends
MIMO Techniques
Spatial multiplexing
TX diversity
SDMA (Space division multiple access)
Beam forming


8
Downlink MIMO
Uplink MIMO
Reference signals
Reference signals :
Cell search & initial acquisition
DL channel quality estimation

Mainly there are two type of reference signals
1. Cell specific DL reference signals
Every DL subframe
Across entire DL bandwidth
2. UE specific DL reference signals
Intended for individual UEs




9
There are 504 different Reference Sequences (RS)
They are linked to PHY-layer cell identities
Shifts are introduced to avoid collision between RS of adjacent cells
For a given PHY Cell ID - sequence is the same regardless of the bandwidth used.
10
Cell specific reference signals
UE Specific RS
UE specific RS used for beam forming
Provided in addition to cell specific RS
Sent over resource block allocated for DL-SCH (applicable only
for data transmission)

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Note: additional reference signals
increase overhead. One of the most
beneficial use of beam forming is at the
cell edge improves SNR
Throughput calculation
12
An exercise to calculate throughput for different configurations.
Rank Index
Represents the number of layers to be used in downlink
transmission.
Rank Index values are proposed by the UE based on the radio
conditions.
eNodeB may or may not follow UE proposal.
2x2 MIMO
Spatial multiplexing : RI = 2
Transmit diversity : RI = 1
SDMA: RI = 1
Beam forming : RI = 1
4x4 MIMO
Spatial Multiplexing : RI = 2, 3, 4.
Transmit Diversity : RI = 1.
SDMA: RI = 1
Beam forming : RI = 1




13
Physical cell identity (PCI)
PCI = PSS + 3* SSS
Primary synchronization signal :
Frequency synchronization.
Time slot synchronization.
3 PSS values (0,1,2)
Secondary synchronization signal :
Radio frame synchronization.
TDD/FDD duplex information.
CP length.
168 SSS values, (0 to 167).
3*168 = 504 different PCI values.




Planning guidelines:
Co PCI scenario must never happen.
All 3 cells of a site should have same SSS.
PSS should be defined 0 for first sector, 1
for second sector, 2 for third sector.
Some SSS should be reserved for indoor
sites i.e. (151 167).

14
Cyclic prefix
Multipath propagation degrades orthogonality between carriers, to regain the orthogonality
cyclic prefix is used.
Copying the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and attaching it in front of the
symbol.
A receiver typically uses the last part of the following symbol to locate the start of the symbol and
begin then with decoding.
Normal CP : Length is 4.7 us. With normal CP, 7 symbols per time slot.
Extended CP : Length is16.7 us. 6 symbols per time slot.

15
LTE Architecture
16
Evolved packet core (EPC)
MME (Mobility Management Entity)
Control plane function.
Idle mode tracking.
Allocation of temporary identities to UE.
Paging.
Choosing the SGW for UE during initial attach.
User authentication & interaction with HSS (home subscriber server).
Roaming.
SGW (Serving Gateway)
User plane function.
Carry data packets.
PGW (PDN Gateway)
Connects to the external data network.

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LTE Call flow
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Attach time :

A general range for
Attach time is 150
ms +/- 25 ms.

Control plane
latency includes
attach & detach
time.
LTE Call flow - Detach
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Detach time :
A general range for Detach time is 50 ms +/- 10 ms .
QCI QoS class identifier
20
Attach Moving to new MME
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GUTI, GUMMEI, TAI & ECGI
PLMN ID = MCC + MNC

MMEI (MME ID)
MMEI = MMEGI (MME group ID) + MMEC (MME code)

GUMMEI (Globally unique MME ID):
GUMMEI = MCC + MNC + MMEI (MME ID)

GUTI ( Globally unique temporary ID)
GUTI = TMSI + GUMMEI

TAI (Tracking area ID) = MCC + MNC + TAC (Tracking area code)

ECGI (EUTRAN cell global ID) = MCC + MNC + eNB ID + Cell ID
22
RSRP
Reference signal received power:

23
Clutter Type
Average Clutter
Loss for 2300 MHz
Acceptable Outdoor
RSRP Level
dBm
Indoor RSRP level
as per definition of
cell edge: -UL> 512
kbps
Dense Urban 24 -91 -115
Urban 20 -95 -115
Suburban 16 -99 -115
Rural 10 -105 -115
RSRP values:
Near : > -75 dBm, SINR > 25.
Middle : - 85 dBm to -95 dBm, SINR 17 to 20.
Edge : -100 to -110 dBm, SINR 8 to 12.


RSRQ & SINR
Reference signal received quality (RSRQ) :
Similar to Ec/Io in 3G.
95% samples should be better than -12.

Signal to noise ratio (SINR) :
Excellent : > 25.
Good : Between 15 to 25.
Average : Between 5 to 15.
Poor : Less than 5.


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BLER & UE Tx power
BLER :
LTE works on 10% BLER.
95% samples should be less than 10.

UE Tx power :
Class 3 UE has max Tx power as 23 dBm +/- 2.
95% samples should be less than 15.
Poor : > 15.
Average : Between 5 to 15.
Good : Less than 5.

25
CQI
Channel quality indicator (CQI) :
UE request for the specific modulation & coding scheme.
Range is 0 to 15.
For a cluster 95% samples should be greater than 10.

26
UE states in LTE
27
LTE UE States:

1- Idle
2- Active
3- Detached
UE states in LTE
28
Idle
Exact location is not known. Only TAC is known.
Bearer information is not known, only default bearer is available.
RRC connection is released.
UE monitors paging channels for incoming calls.
UE does not inform network about the cell change.
Performs neighboring cell measurements and cell selection/reselection.
Idle mode is UE power conservation state.
Reduces signaling overheads as compared to Active state.

Active
Network knows the serving Cell ID.
UE transmits & receives data.

Detached
UE disconnected or powered off.
Layer 3 states
29
Layer 3 Protocols :
1- RRC (Radio resource control)
2- NAS (Non access stratum)
RRC States :
Idle
Connected
NAS States :
EMM (EPS Mobility Management)
Deregistered
Registered
ECM (EPS Connection Management)
Idle
Connected
Channel structure

Logical channels
Formed by RLC

Transport channels
Formed by MAC

Physical channels
Formed by PHY
Consist of a group of assignable radio
resource elements
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Uu interface
PHY DL Channels
PDSCH Physical DL Shared CH
Downlink data traffic.
Paging.
RACH response.
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control CH
Carries mainly scheduling information
Resource allocation on DL.
UL scheduling grants.
Power control .
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
Reports status of Hybrid ARQ.
Ack / nack response.
PCIFIC Physical Control Format Indicator
Number of OFDB symbols for PDCCH up to 3 symbols per
subframe.
PBCH Physical Broadcast CH
Broadcast information necessary for accessing the network.
System bandwidth, MIMO etc.
SIBs (system information block).
MIB (master information block).
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
Data and signaling for multicast


31
LTE Channels
Layer 1 & Layer 2 Throughput
32


PHY UL Channels
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Uplink user data .

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
Reports Hybrid ARQ acknowledgements.
CQI.
RI.
PMI.
Buffer status report.

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
Used for random access.
Scheduling requests.


33
LTE Channels
Transport channels

BCH Broadcast CH
Transport for BCCH
PCH Paging CH
Transport for PCH
DL-SCH Downlink Shared CH
Transport of user data and signaling.
MCH Multicast channel
Used for multicast transmission
UL-SCH Uplink Shared CH
Transport for user data and signaling
RACH Random Access CH
Used for UEs accessing the network
34
Logical channels
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BCCH Broadcast Control CH
System information sent to all UEs
PCCH Paging Control CH
Paging information when addressing UE
CCCH Common Control CH
Access information during call establishment
DCCH Dedicated Control CH
User specific signaling and control
DTCH Dedicated Traffic CH
User data
MCCH Multicast Control CH
Signaling for multi-cast
MTCH Multicast Traffic CH
Multicast data

LTE Channels
Handover Optimization
Basic optimization parameters:
Offset
Hysteresis
Time to trigger
Thresholds

LTE Handover events:
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
iRAT HO:
B1
B2
36
Event A3
37
A3 optimization

The smaller the value of a3offset+hysteresisa3 the faster we release the calls to
neighboring cells.
The higher the value of a3offset+hysteresisa3 the more difficult we make it for calls
do handover to other cells.

Time to trigger:

If a3offset+ hysteresisa3 is relatively large (i.e.: 6dB or stronger), then a value
of timetotriggera3 under 100 ms is acceptable.
If a3offset+ hysteresisa3 is relatively small (i.e.: 2dB), then a value
of timetotriggera3 should be around 320 to 640 ms.
The value allocated to timetotriggera3, hence, depends on:
Parameter setting of a3offset and hysteresisa3,
Morphology (dense urban, urban, suburban, rural)
Speed of UE in the cells (freeways and or suburban roads).

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A3 examples
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Event A2
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Event A2 examples
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Event A1
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Event A4
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Event A5
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Event B1
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Event B2
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