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Cellular Biology
Chapter 1
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Nucleus (single, circular chromosome)
Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae
Eukaryotes
Complex cellular organization
Membrane-bound organelles
Well-defined nucleus
Higher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
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Cellular Functions
Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Communication
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Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
DNA
DNA replication, repair, and transcription
Histone proteins
Cell division

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Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus


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Eukaryotic Cell
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic matrix
Cytosol
Function
Cytoplasmic organelles

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Eukaryotic Cell
Cytoplasm

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Eukaryotic Organelles
Ribosomes
RNA protein
Free ribosomes
Attached ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Site of protein synthesis
Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Golgi complex
Flattened, smooth membranes
Secretory vesicles
Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are
packaged in the Golgi complex
Cisternae
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Golgi complex

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Eukaryotic Organelles
Golgi complex
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Lysosomes
Originate from the Golgi
Catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates
Role in autodigestion
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidative enzymes
Break substances down into harmless products
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Mitochondria
Surrounded by a double lipidbilayer membrane
Participates in oxidative phosphorylation
Increased inner membrane surface area provided
by cristae
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Mitochondria

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Eukaryotic Organelles
Vaults
Cytoplasmic
ribonucleoproteins, shaped
like octagonal barrels
Cellular trucks
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Bones and muscles of the cell
Maintains the cells shape and internal
organization
Permits movement of substances within the cell
and movement of external projections
Microtubules
Centrioles
Microfilaments
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
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Plasma Membrane
Controls the composition of a space or
compartment they enclose
Structure
Caveolae
Lipids
Amphipathic lipids
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
Carbohydrates
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Plasma Membrane
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Plasma Membrane
Proteins
Integral, peripheral, transmembrane
Functions
Receptors
Transport
Enzymes
Surface markers
Adhesion molecules
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Plasma Membrane
Plasma membrane protein functions
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Proteolytic Cascades
Caspase-mediated apoptosis
Blood coagulation cascade
Matrix metalloproteinase cascade
Complement cascade
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Membrane Fluidity
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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Extracellular matrix
Production
Fibroblasts
Collagen
Elastin
Fibronectin

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Extracellular matrix
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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Cell junctions
Desmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Gating

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Junctional complex

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Cellular Communication
Direct linkup
Gap junctions
Hormonal
Neurohormonal
Paracrine
Autocrine
Neurotransmitters

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Cellular Communication
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Signal Transduction
Extracellular messengers
Convey instructions to the cells interior
Transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate
Channel regulation
Second messengers
Two pathways
Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Ca
++
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Signal Transduction
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Cellular Metabolism
Metabolism
Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular
functions
Anabolism
Energy using
Catabolism
Energy releasing

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Adenosine Triphosphate
Created from the chemical energy contained
within organic molecules
Used in synthesis of organic molecules,
muscle contraction, and active transport

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Cellular Energy
Digestion
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Anaerobic
Citric acid cycle
Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle
(TCA)
Oxidative phosphorylation
Occurs in the mitochondria
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Cellular Energy
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Membrane Transport
Gradient
Passive transport
Diffusion
Passive mediated transport
Filtration
Osmosis
Osmolarity vs. osmolality
Tonicity
Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
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Membrane Transport
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Membrane Transport
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Membrane Transport
Active transport
Active transport pumps
Transport by vesicle formation
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Potocytosis

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Active Transport
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Membrane Transport
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Electrical Impulses
Resting membrane potential
Action potential
Depolarization
Threshold potential
Repolarization
Refractory period
Absolute and relative
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Propagation of an Action Potential
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The Cell Cycle
Mitosis vs. cytokinesis
Chromatin vs. chromosomes
Interphase
G
1
phase
S phase
G
2
phase
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The Cell Cycle
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The Cell Cycle
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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Influences on the Cell Cycle
Cellular division rates
Growth factors
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Tissue Formation
Founder cells
Chemotaxis
Contact guidance
Cellular reproduction
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Tissue Formation
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Types of Tissue
Epithelial tissue
Simple vs. stratified
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified
Structures
Cilia and microvilli
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Types of Tissue
Connective tissue
Ground substance
Fibers
Loose and dense connective tissue
Elastic and reticular connective
Cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose
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Types of Tissue
Muscle tissue
Smooth
Striated (skeletal)
Cardiac