Gearthread 120918023938 Phpapp01

MEASURMENTS AND TESTING
OF GEARS
Terminology of gear tooth
Gear tooth mainly used for transmission of power and motion.
1. Addendum
2. Dedundum
3. Tooth Thickness
4. Pitch
5. Top land
6. Bottom Land
7. Face Width
8. Circular Pitch
9. Pitch Circle
10. Base Radius.
Base Circle. It is the circle from which involute form is
generated. Only the base circle on a gear is fixed and
unalterable.

Base Circle. It is the circle from which involute form is
generated. Only the base circle on a gear is fixed and
unalterable.
DO-outside diameter, D- pitch diameter, DB- base diameter, DR- root diameter,

For involute teeth

Pitch Circle Diameter (P.C.D.). It is the diameter of a circle
which by pure rolling action would produce the same motion
as the toothed gear wheel. This is the most important
diameter in gears.


Module. It is defined as the length of the pitch circle diameter
per tooth. Thus if P.C.D. of gear be D and number of teeth N,
then
module (m)=DN . It is generally expressed in mm.

Diametral Pitch. It is expressed as the number of teeth per
inch of the P.C.D.
D.P.=DN , D expressed in inch.


Circular Pitch (C.P.). It is the arc distance measured around
the pitch circle from the flank of one tooth to a similar flank in
the next tooth.
.. C.P. =
DN=
m


Addendum. This is the radial distance from the pitch circle to
the tip of the tooth.
Its value is equal to one module.

Clearance.
This is the radial distance from the tip of a tooth to the
bottom of a mating tooth space when the teeth are
symmetrically engaged. Its standard value is 0.157 m.

Dedendum.
This is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the bottom
of the tooth space.
Dedendum=Addendum+ Clearance
=m+0.157 m=l.157 m.

Blank Diameter.
This is the diameter of the blank from which gear is a t. It is
equal to P.C.D. plus twice the addenda.
Blank diameter =P.C.D.+2m.
=mN+2m = m(N+2).


Tooth Thickness. This is the arc distance measured along the
pitch circle from its intercept with one flank to its intercept
with t le other flank of the same tooth.
Normally tooth thickness.
= C.P.
=
m2


Face of Tooth. It is that part of the tooth surface which is
above the pitch surface.
Flank of the Tooth. It is that part of the tooth surface which is
lying below the pitch surface.

line of action.
The teeth of a pair of gears in mesh, contact each
other along the common tangent to their base circles,
this path is referred to as line of action.

Pressure angle .
The angle between the line of action and the common
tangent to the pitch circles is known as pressure angle .
D
b
=P.C.D cos

D
b
=base circle dia

Pressure angle .
The angle between the line of action and the common
tangent to the pitch circles is known as pressure angle .
D
b
=P.C.D cos

D
b
=base circle dia

Base Pitch. It is the distance measured around the base circle
from the origin of the involute on the tooth to the origin of a
similar involute on the next tooth.
Base Pitch=Base Circumference/ No. of teeth
=D
b
/N
=D
p
cos /N=mcos.
Involute Function.
It is found from the fundamental principle of the
involute, that it is the locus of the end of a thread (imaginary)
unwound from the base circle.

Involute function =tan
Where is the pressure angle.
Helix Angle : It is the acute angle between the tangent to the
helix and axis of the cylinder on which teeth are cut.
Lead Angle : It is the acute angle between the tangent to the
helix and plane perpendicular to the axis of cylinder
LEAD ANGLE= 90-helix angle
Back Lash : The distance through which a gear can be rotated
to bring its non-working flank in contact with the teeth of
mating gear
Anti backlash gear
Helix Angle : It is the acute angle between the tangent to the
helix and axis of the cylinder on which teeth are cut.
Pressure Angles 20
14
Addendum m
m
Dedendum 1.25 m
1.157 m
Teeth Depth 2.25 m
2.157 m
Circular teeth
Thickness m/2
m/2
Fillet radius 0.3 m
0.157 m
Clearance 0.25 m
0.157m
Sources of Errors in Manufacturing Gears

The gears (gear teeth) are generally
made by one of the following two
methods :
(i) Reproducing method
(ii) Generating method,

Generating method, in which the cutting tool (hob forms
the profiles of several teeth simultaneously during
constant relative motion of the tool and blank.

Reproducing method, in which the cutting tool is formed
involve cutter, which forms the gear teeth profiles by
reproducing the shape of the cutter itself.
In this method, each tooth space is cut independently of
the other tooth spaces,
The various sources of errors in the gear made
by reproducing method can be due to
(i) incorrect profile on the cutting
tool,
(ii) incorrect positioning of the tool
in relation to the work and
(iii) incorrect indexing of the blank.

The sources of error when gears are made by
generating method are :
(i) Errors in the manufacture of the
cutting tool
(ii) errors in positioning the tool in
relation to the work and
(iii) errors in the relative motion Of
the tool and blank during the
generating operation.

Measurement of Individual elements

Measurement of tooth thickness
The permissible error or the tolerance on
thickness of tooth is the variation of actual
thickness of tooth from its theoretical value.
The tooth thickness is generally measured at
pitch circle and is therefore, the pitch line
thickness of tooth.
There are various methods of measuring the
gear tooth thickness.
(i) Measurement of tooth thickness by gear
tooth vernier calliper.
(ii) Constant chord method.
(iii) Base tangent method.
(iv) Measurement by dimension over pins.
Gear Tooth Caliper.
w=Nm. sin( 90N)
d= = Nm 2*1+2N cos(90 N)+


The Constant Chord Method.
c=constant chord=2A C
=/ 2 m cos
2

d=addendumPC
=m/ 4 m cos sin
=m(1- / 4 cos sin )


Base Pitch Measuring Instrument. This
instrument has three tips. One is the~!TX53
measuring tip, other one is the sensitive tip
whose position can be adjusted by a screw and
the further movement of it is transmitted
through a leverage system to the dial indicator;
and the third tip is the supplementary
adjustable stop which is meant for the stability
of the instrument and its position cart also be
adjusted by a screw. The distance between-the
fixed and sensitive tip is set to be equivalent
to the base pitch of the gear with the help of
slip gauges. The properly set-up instrument is
applied to the gear so that all the three tips
contact the tooth profile. The reading on dial
indicator is the error in the base pitch.


The Base Tangent Method. (David Brown
tangent comparator). In this method, the span
of a convenient number of teeth is measured
with the help of the tangent comparator. This
uses a single vernier calliper
BD=Nm cos [tan 2N + S N ]


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MEASURMENTS AND TESTING

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