Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force

v F , q
B

( ) B v F F ,
B B
=
0 // =
B
F B v
v B F , 0 =
B
u
( ) v F , 0 < q
B
( ) v F , 0 > q
B
u sin
B
F
u
B
v
+q
F
B

opposite
direction
Magnetic Force
B v F = q
B
u sin vB q F
B
=
Tesla (T)=N/(C.m/s)=N/(A.m)
Electric and Magnetic Forces
Electric forces act in the direction of the electric
field, magnetic forces are perpendicular to the
magnetic field.
A magnetic force exists only for charges in
motion.
The magnetic force of a steady magnetic field
does no work when displacing a charged particle.
The magnetic field can alter the direction of a
moving charged particle but not it speed or its
kinetic energy.
B v F = q
B
E F q
E
=
Magnetic Force on a Current
Carrying Conductor
Magnetic force acts upon charges moving
in a conductor.
The total force on the current is the integral
sum of the force on each charge in the
current.
In turn, the charges transfer the force on to
the wire when they collide with the atoms of
the wire.
Drawing the Magnetic Field
Perspective View
Flat (plane) View
Magnetic Force on a Current
Carrying Conductor
Magnetic Force on a Current
Carrying Conductor
( ) B v F =
d q B
q
,
( )nAL q
d B
B v F =
qnA v I
d
=
B L F = I
B
For a straight
wire in a uniform
field
B s F = Id d
B
}
=
b
a
B
d I B s F
For an arbitrary
wire in an
arbitrary field
A Special Case
arbitrary wire in a uniform field
}
=
b
a
B
d I B s F
B s F
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
b
a
B
d I
B L F
'
= I
B
Closed Loop in a Magnetic Field
( ) B s F =
}
d I
B
0 =
}
s d
0 =
B
F
Net magnetic force
acting on any closed
current loop in a uniform
magnetic field is zero.
Forces on a Semicircular
Conductor
IRB ILB F 2
1
= =
On the straight wire
ds IB d I dF u sin
2
= = B s
On the curved wire
u
u
Rd ds
R s
=
=
u ud IRB dF sin
2
=
} }
= =
t t
u u u u
0 0
2
sin sin d IRB d IRB F
IRB F 2
2
=
Directed out of the board
Directed in to the board
0
2 1
= + = F F F
Torque on a Current Loop in a
Uniform Magnetic Field
0
0
=
=
B
F
B L
For 1 and 3,
IaB F F = =
4 2
( ) ( )
( )b IaB
b
IaB
b
IaB
b
F
b
F
=
+ = + =
max
4 2 max
2 2 2 2
t
t
If the field is parallel to the plane of the loop
IAB =
max
t
For 2 and 4,
Torque on a Current Loop in a
Uniform Magnetic Field
If the field makes an angle
with a line perpendicular
to the plane of the loop:
0
4 2
= + F F
u t
u u u t
u u t
sin
sin sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
3 1
IAB
IabB
a
IbB
a
IbB
a
F
a
F
=
= + =
+ =
B A = I t
Concept Question
A rectangular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field with
the plane of the loop perpendicular to the direction of the
field.
If a current is made to flow through the loop in the sense
shown by the arrows, the field exerts on the loop:
1. a net force.
2. a net torque.
3. a net force and a net torque.
4. neither a net force nor a net torque.
Magnetic Dipole Moment
A I =
B = t
(Amperes.m
2
)
If the wire makes N loops around A,
B B = =
coil loop
N t
B - = U
The potential energy of the loop is:
Motion of Charged Particles in a
Uniform Magnetic Field
Consider a positive charge
moving perpendicular to a
magnetic field with an initial
velocity, v.
The force F
B
is always at
right angles to v and its
magnitude is,
qvB F
B
=
So, as q moves, it will rotate about a circle and F
B
and v will
always be perpendicular. The magnitude of v will always be
the same, only its direction will change.
Cyclotron Frequency
To find the radius and frequency of the rotation:

=
r
ma F
r
v
m qvB F
B
2
= =
qB
mv
r =
m
qB
r
v
= = e
qB
m
v
r
T
t
e
t t 2 2 2
= = =
The radial force
The angular speed
The period
Cyclotron frequency
Helical Motion
If the initial velocity makes an arbitrary angle with B,
v
x
= constant
v
y
and v
z
change in
time
The resulting motion
is a helix
The equations for the cyclotron frequency and rotation
period still apply provided,
2 2
z y
v v v + =

Concept Question
Cosmic rays (atomic nuclei stripped bare of their electrons) would
continuously bombard Earths surface if most of them were not
deflected by Earths magnetic field. Given that Earth is, to an excellent
approximation, a magnetic dipole, the intensity of cosmic rays
bombarding its surface is greatest at the
1. poles.
2. mid-latitudes.
3. equator.
Hall Effect
B v E
qE B qv
d H
H d
=
=
Bd v V
d H
= A
nqA
I
v
d
=
t
IB R
nqt
IB
V
H
H
= = A
Summary
The right hand rule
Magnetic forces on charged particles and
current carrying wires
Torque on loops and magnetic dipole
moments
Charged particle motion
For Next Class
Reading Assignment
Chapter 30 Sources of the Magnetic Field
WebAssign: Assignment 7