Kingdom

Archaebacteria
Both kingdoms of bacteria have species that are
microscopic; humans cant see them unless we
stain them and then look at them under the
microscope. The pictures you see are magnified
many times!!
Kingdom
Archaebacteria

Diantara Golongan bakteri terdapat spesies yg
mikroskopis, manusia tidak dpat melihatnya
kecuali kita mewarnainya dan melihatnya di
bawah mikroskop. Gambar yang dilihat dapaet
diperbesar berkali-kali
Background
Biologists have long organized living
things into large groups called
kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Latar belakang
Para ahli biologi telah
lama menyusun
makhluk hidup kedalam
kelompok besar yang di
sebut kingdom. Ada 6
kelompok yaitu
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

5 common characteristics used for comparison among living organisms:
Cell type 2 kingdoms are prokaryotic; 4 kingdoms are eukaryotic
Cell wall 4 of the 6 kingdoms have a cell wall
Body type unicellular vs. multicellular
Nutrition autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
Reproduction sexual vs. asexual

5 karakteristik yang biasa digunakan untuk membandingkan makhluk hidup
diantaranya

Tipe sel- 2 kingdom adalah prokariotik 4 kingdom adalah eukariotik
Dinding sel- 4 diantaranya memiliki dinding sel
Tipe sel sel satu dan multiseluler(bersel banyak)
Nutrisi(cara mendapatkan makanan)- autotrofik dan
heterotrofik
Reproduksi- seksual dan aseksual
Some recent findings
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of
bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many
ways scientists created a new level of classification called a
DOMAIN
Now we have 3 domains sekarang kita mempunyai 3 domain
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
Beberapa penemuan terbaru
Pada Tahun1996, para ilmuan memutuskan untuk membagi
modera ke dalam dua kelompok bakteri
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Karena kedua kelompok bakteri ini berbeda dalam banyak hal
para ilmuan menciptakan tingkatan baru dalam klasifikasi yang di
sebut domain:
sekarang kita mempunyai 3 domain
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
The Domain
Archaea
ancient bacteria
Some of the first
archaebacteria were
discovered in
Yellowstone National
Parks hot springs and
geysers.berberapa dari
arch pertama di etmukan
di yellow stone nasional
parks hot springs and
geysers.
Prokaryotes are
structurally simple, but
biochemically complex
Prokariotik yang
mempunyai struktural
simpel tetapi biokimianya
komplek
Domain Archaea
Bakteri purba
berberapa dari archaea
pertama di temukan di
mata air panas dan air
mancur panas taman
nasional yellow stone.
Prokariotik yang
mempunyai struktural
simpel tetapi biokimianya
komplek
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or
salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and
ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Ciri-ciri
Mereka tinggal di lingkuangan yang ekstrim seperti daerah
yg panas atau danau yg asin dan lingkungan yg normal
seperti tanah dan lautan
termasuk ke dalam uniseluler( tiap individu adalah satu
sel)
tidak ada peptidoglikan di dinding sel
beberapa mempunyai flagel yg membantu bergerak
Some weird things about this
kingdom
Most dont need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive high doses of radiation (radioactivity)
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below
the oceans surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
Beberapa kemampuan kingdom ini
Tidak membutuhkan oksigen utk hidup
Dapat memperoleh atp(energi) dr mthari
da[pat bertahan hidup di suhu eksrim yg besar sekali
Dapat bertahan hidup di radiasi yang tinggi(radioaktif)
Dapat bertahan hidup di bawah batu dan lubang2 dasar laut jauh
dari permuaan laut
Dapat menahan perbedaan tekanan yang sangat besar

3 Main Types
Methanogens

Thermoacidophiles

Halophiles
3 tipe utama
Methanogens

3 tipe utama
Methanogens

Thermoacidophiles

Halophiles

Methanogens
They release methane (CH
4
) as a
waste product
Many live in mud at the bottom of lakes
and swamps because it lacks oxygen
Some live in the intestinal tracts of
animals to help break down food
Others like to hang out in the stomach
Your intestinal gas is a waste product
caused by bacteria in the body
breaking down the food you eatthats
why farts dont smell sweet!
Methanogens
Mereka melepaskan methan (CH
4
) sbg
hasil sisa
Banyak yang hidup dalam lumpur di
dasar danau dan rawa karena disana
kurang oksigen
Beberapa tinggal di saluran nusus
hewan utk membantu menghancurkan
makanan
Yang lainnya berada di perut
Gas usus kita merupakan hasil sisa
karena bakteri di badan yang
menghancurkan mkanan yg kita mkan
itulah sebabnya gas buang tidak
berbau enak

Significance of methanogens
They could play a role in
garbage/sewage cleanup by
having methanogens eat
garbage.
The methane waste the
bacteria produce after eating
the garbage or sewage could
be used as fuel to heat
homes.
Some landfills already employ
this methodthe only problem is
that its expensive.
Mereka dapat
Thermoacidophiles
Live in the dark
Live without oxygen
Like to live in superheated water with temperatures reaching 750 deg
F
Prefer environments that are very acidic (between pH of 1-3)
Live in a chemical soup of hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) and other dissolved
minerals (rotten egg smell)
Thermo = temperature
Acidophil = acid loving

Thermoacidophiles
Thermo = temperature
Acidophil = acid loving
Hidup di tempat gelap
Hidup tanpa oksigen
Suka hidup di air yang sangat panas dengan suhu mencapai 750 derajat
farenheit
Lebih suka pada lingkungan yang sangat asam (sekitar pH 1-3)
Hidup di cairan kimia hidrogen sulfida dan larutan mineral lainnya(berbau
telur busuk)

The interior layers of the Earth are
made up of many different types of
metals (iron, copper). The black color is
caused by a chemical reaction of the
metals with the ocean water. In
extreme temperatures and pressures,
this is where some thermoacidophiles
like to live.
Black Smokers
Other thermoacidophiles like to live in hot springs or geysers. Hot
springs are pools of hot water that have moved toward earth's surface.
The source of their heat is the hot magma beneath and they can reach
temperatures as high as 400 degrees Fahrenheit
Termoacidopila yang lain senang hidup di mata air yang panas atau ai
mancur panas. Air mata yg panas merupakan kumpulan dari air panas
yang bergerak menuju pusat bumi .sumber panas mereka berada di
bawah magma panas dan mereka dapat mencapai suhu tinggi sampai
400 derajat farenheit.
http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm
Old Faithful erupts more frequently than
any of the other big geysers. Its average
interval between eruptions is about 91
minutes. An eruption lasts 1 1/2 to 5
minutes, expels 3,700 - 8,400 gallons of
boiling water, and reaches heights of
106 - 184 feet.
Halophiles
Can live in water with salt
concentrations exceeding
15%
The oceans
concentration is roughly
4%
Halo = salt
phil = loving
The Great Salt Lake in Utah
Halophiles
Halo = salt
phil = loving
Dapat didup di air dengan
konsentrasi garam
melewati 15%
Konsentrasi laut sekiar
4%

The Great Salt Lake in Utah
The Great Salt Lake in Utah
It is interesting to note that the Great Salt Lake is actually three to five times
saltier than the ocean.
Every year, members of the salt industry extract about 2.5 million tons of
sodium chloride (salt, NaCl) from the lake.
The Great Salt Lake has no fish. The largest aquatic critters in the Great
Salt Lake are brine shrimp.
Given that the salty water can be corrosive to metal, motorized boats are
not very popular at Great Salt Lake State Park. Additionally, since the salt
content of the Great Salt Lake increases the waters density, water skiing
and jet skiing is not very common
The Great Salt Lake in Utah
Ini menarik untuk mencatat bahwa danau great salt sesungguhnya 3-5 kali
lebih asin dari pada lautan
Tiap tahun, pekerja dari industri garam mengekstrak 2,5 miliar ton sodium
klorida dari danau
Di dalam danau asin ini tidak terdapat ikan. Penghuni terbesar di danau
adalah udang
Mengingat air yangasin tersebut dapat merusak metal, perahu motor tidak
terlalu diminati di danau tersebut. Sebagai tambahan, sejak kandungan
garam dari danau dapat meningkatkan desintas air, ski air dan jet ski tidaks
ering di gunakan
Kingdom
Eubacteria
true bacteria
Kingdom
Eubakteri
bakteri sesungguhnya
Bacteria vs. Eukarya
Bacteria Eukarya
Internal
compartmentalization
No nucleus, few
organelles
Nucleus with many
organelles
Ukuran sel Very small; microscopic Small; still microscopic but
10 to 100 times bigger
than bacteria
Number of cells Unicellular Multicellular
kromosom Single, circular DNA
strand
Many chromosomes made
up of DNA
reproduksi Asexually by binary fission Sexually by mitosis and
meiosis
Flagella Common in most species Seldom seen in species;
longer and stronger than
bacteria
Metabolic diversity Can survive with or
without oxygen
Require oxygen to survive
Bacteria vs. Eukarya
Bacteria Eukarya
Internal
compartmentalization
tidak ada ini, memiliki
beberapa organel
Punya inti, mempunyai
banyak organel
Ukuran sel Sangat kecil(mikroskopis) Kecil:mikroskopis tetapi 10
sampai 100 kali lebih
besar dari bakteri
Jumla Sel Bersel satu Bersel banyak
kromosom Single, untaian dna
melingkar
Banyakkromosm terbuat
dari dna
reproduksi Aseksual (pembelahan
biner)
Seksual(mitosis dan
meiosis)
Flagella Terdapat di bnyak spesies jarang terlihat di spesies,
lebih panjang dan kuat
dari bakteri
Metabolic diversity Dapat bertahan tanpa
oksigen
Membutuhkan oksigen
untuk hidup
Bacterial Cell Shapes

Bacillus (rod-shaped)

Coccus (round-shaped)

Spirillum (spiral-shaped)
Bentuk Bakteri

Bacillus (batang)

Coccus (bulat)

Spirillum (spiral)
Obtaining Energy
Most scientists classify bacteria based on
how they obtain energy:

Photosynthesizers
Chemoautotrophs
Heterotrophs
Memperoleh energi

Banyak ilmuan mengelompokkan bakteri
berdasarkan bagaimana mereka
memperoleh energi

fotosintesis
kemoautotropi
Heterotropi
Photosynthesizers
A significant fraction
of the worlds
photosynthesis is
carried out by
bacteria
Cyanobacteria are
blue-green bacteria
that contain
chlorophyll in their cell
membrane
Cyanobacteria are
thought to have made
the Earths oxygen
atmosphere
Photosynthesizers
fraksi fotosintesis
yang signifikan di
dunia dilakukan oleh
bakteri
Cyanobakteri
merupakan bakteri
hijau biru yang
mengandung klorofil
di membran sel
mereka
Cyanobacteria are
thought to have made
the Earths oxygen
atmosphere
Cyanobacteria
diperkirakan telah
membuat atmosfer
oksigen bumi
Chemoautotrophs
Breakdown chemicals
found in the soil; they
use those chemicals
for nutrition
The bacterias waste
products act as
fertilizer and helps
with agriculture
A handful of soil can
have up to 10 billion
bacterial organisms
Kemo autotropi
Memecah bahan
kimia di tanah yang di
gunakan untuk nutrisi
Hasil sisa bakteri
dapat di gunakan
sebagai pupuk dan
membantu bertanam
A handful of soil can
have up to 10 billion
bacterial organisms
Satugenggam tanah
dapat mempunyai 10
miliar organisme
Heterotrofi
Most types of
Eubacteria are
heterotrophic
Together with
fungi, they serve
as primary
decomposers for
the environment by
releasing nutrients
back to the soil
after living things
have died.
Heterotrofi
Banyak dian tara
eubakteri adalah
heterotropi
Bersama fungi
mereka dapat
menjadii
dekomposel utama
lingkungan untuk
menyebarkan
nutrisi kembali ke
tanah setelah ada
yang mati

Pathogenic Bacteria
Your body is a treasure chest of wealth
just waiting to be discovered by bacteria.
Bacteria have evolved various ways of
entering your body and taking what they
need in order to survive
In some cases, the competition for the
resources in your body can result in you
becoming ill.
Bakteri patogen
Your body is a treasure chest of wealth
just waiting to be discovered by bacteria.
Tubuh kita
Bakteri telah menyusun cara untuk masuk
ke badan dan mengambil apa yang
mereka butuhkan untuk bertahan
Dalam berberapa hal , kompetisi tersebut
menjadi sumber penyakit pada tubuhmu
Bacteria are harmful in two ways:
1. #1 - Bacteria can
metabolize their host by
using different parts of
the body as their food
source.
Tuberculosis is a less
common bacterial
infection that attacks the
lungs of humans.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is the bacteria that uses
the lung tissue as a food
source.
The warm, moist environment
allows the bacteria to
reproduce and populate
the lungs.
#2 - Bacteria cause disease by secreting chemical
compounds called toxins into their environment.

Humans are most affected when food is not properly
prepared. Food poisoning is the common name
given to people who get severely sick after eating
something that wasnt cooked well.

Most types of toxin bacteria can be killed by boiling
water and cooking foods at recommended
temperatures.

Kitchen and surface antibacterial products also help
in ridding our house of these relentless pests.

Antibiotics
In 1928, Alexander
Fleming noticed a fungus
growing on a Petri plate
that was growing bacteria.
He saw that the bacteria
did not grow near the
fungus.
He concluded that the
fungus was secreting a
substance that killed the
bacteria.
He later called the
secretion penicillin.
Penicillin is one of many
medicines that help fight
bacterial infections.
Antibiotik
Pada tahun 1928, Alexander Fleming
mengamati prtumbuhan jamur di cawan
petri yang disertai pertumbuhan bakteri
Dia melihat bakteri tidak tumbuh di
dekat jamur
Dia berpendapat bahwa jamur
memounyau suatu substansi yang
dapat membunuh bakteri
Dia menyebutnya penicilin
Penicilin merupakan salah satu dari
banyak obat utk melawan infeksi
bakteri
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Problem #1:
Because bacteria can multiply very quickly, a 7-
10 day course of antibiotics might not kill all of
the bacteria.
The bacteria that remain become resistant and
may mutate their DNA and reproduce more
cells.
The new cells are now resistant to the antibiotic
and make it harder to treat an infection the next
time around.
Antibiotik-perlawanan Bakteri
Permasalahan#1:
Karna bacteri dapat berkembang sangat cepat 7 sampai 10 hari
rangkaian anti biotik tidak mungkin dapat membunuh semua bakteri
Bakteri tetap menjadi kebal dan mungkin bermutasi dengan DNA
dan menghasilkan banyak sel
sel baru tersebut menjadi kebal terhadap antibiotik dan membuatnya
menjadi susah untuk mengobati infeksi di waktu berikutnya
Problem #2:
Another problem in
society is related to
people not taking their
prescribed course of
pills.
Sometimes if people
start to see
improvement in their
symptoms they stop
taking their
medication.
This leaves more
opportunity for the
bacteria not yet killed
by the antibiotic to
reproduce and create
resistant cells.
Problem #3:
Do antibacterial
soaps really work?
Apakah sabun anti
bakteri berkerja?
Regular, routine use
of these types of
soaps may be doing
more harm then good.
The bacteria that are
commonly found on
our skin may become
resistant to the
antibacterial
chemicals put in the
soaps.
Weve talked about why bacteria is BADIs
there anything GOOD about bacteria?
Act as decomposers
Sebagai dekomposer
Live within our digestive
tract (called probiotics)
Hidup di dalam alat
pencernaan
kita(probiotik)
Many foods we eat are
processed by bacteria
(pickles, buttermilk,
cheese, sauerkraut,
olives, vinegar, etc.)
Banyak makanan yang
kita makan di hasilkan
dari bakteri
(acar,keju,yogurt, tempe
dll)
Bacteria can be used in
mines to breakdown the
surrounding rock and
leave behind the useful
ore/metal.
Manfaat Bakteri
Sebagai dekomposer
Hidup di dalam alat
pencernaan
kita(probiotik)
Banyak makanan yang
kita makan di hasilkan
dari bakteri
(acar,keju,yogurt, tempe
dll)
Bacteria can be used in
mines to breakdown the
surrounding rock and
leave behind the useful
ore/metal.