Internet and www

Learning Objective
• The Internet Technology Concepts

• Internet II: The Future Infrastructure

• The World Wide Web

• The Internet and The Web features

• Security Environments and Threats

• Technology Solutions

• Payment Systems

• Digital Payment System in B2C Arena

• Digital Payment System in B2B Arena

 Internet
 An interconnected network of
thousands of networks and millions of
computers linking business, educational
institutions, government agencies and
individuals together.
 The largest collection of networks in the
world, interconnected to allow them to
function as a single virtual network
 Early history of Internet
 In the 1950s the U.S. Department of Defense
• became concerned that a nuclear attack could
• disable its computing (and thus planning and
• coordinating) capabilities.

 By 1969 the Advanced Research Projects Agency

• Network (ARPANet) had been constructed.

 The first computers to be connected were ones at

• the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI
• International, the University of California at
• Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.
 Terminology
 A hypertext server is a computer that stores
files
• written in hypertext markup language (HTML)
• and lets other computers connect to it and read
• those files. It is now called a Web server.
 A hyperlink is a special tag that contains a
pointer
• to another location in the same or in a different
• HTML document.
 HTML is based on Standard Generalized Markup
• Language (SGML), which organizations have
• used for many years to manage large document
• filing systems.
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 A link-up of workstations and
peripheral equipment in an office,
building, or locality so users may
communicate and share equipment
and information.
 LAN lets you share the resources of
other computers
 LAN can be further characterized by
topology
 Topology
 Topology describe the manner in
which various computer nodes are
interconnected to each other
 In this context LAN have three
prevalent topologies:
• Bus
• Ring
• Star
 Bus Topology
 Consists of nodes connected to a single
bus made up of a long cable.
 A thick coaxial cable may serve as the bus
and all computer nodes are connected to
this running coaxial cable
 The computer nodes directly receive and
inject data from the bus in full duplex
mode of operation. Data traverses in both
direction
 Endpoints of the bus have terminators and
absorbs all signals reaching them.
 Ring Topology
 Nodes are organized to form a ring
structure
 The first node is connected to second
using link
 Second is connected to third and so on
 The last node is connected to first using
point to point link.
 Signals travel internally around the
network from one node to other
 Star Topology
 Each computer node is connected to
a central device
 Nodes are located at one end of the
segment and other end is terminated
in a central device, usually a hub or
a switch
 Reliable topology
 If one node is down, others on
network are not affected.
 Packets
 Packet: Parcel into which digital messages are
sliced for transmission over the internet.
A sequence of data, with associated control
information, that is switched and transmitted
as a whole
 Packet Switching: A method of slicing digital
messages into packets, sending the packets
along different communication paths as they
become available and then reassembling the
packets once they arrive at destination.
 Packet Transmission
 In packaged switched networks, first
messages are broken down into
packets. Appended to each digital
codes that indicate:
• Source address
• Destination
• Sequencing Information
• Error Control Information
 In a packet network, packets travel
from computer to computer until
they reach their destination
 Packet Switching
I want to chat with you Original Message

00101101000010010010000
Text Message digitized
into bits
01101101 10101000 11000011 Digital Bits broken into
packets
0011001 10101100 11000011
Header information added
to each packet indicating
destination, and other
Digital messages are divide into fixed length control information such as
packets of bits, Header information indicates how many bits are in the
both the origin and destination address of total message and how
the packet, the size of the message, and the many packets
number of packets the receiving node
should expect.
 Routers
 Special purpose computers that
interconnect the computer networks that
make up the internet
 Route packets to their ultimate destination
as they travel the internet.
 Routing Algorithm: Computer program that
ensures that packets take the best
available path toward their destination.
 Protocol
 A set of rules for formatting, ordering,
compressing, and error checking
messages. It may also specify the
speed of transmission and means by
which device on network will indicate
they have stooped sending and / or
receiving messages.
 Internet Protocol
 Protocol that provides the Internet
address scheme
 Internet address is expressed as 32
bit numbers that appears as a series
of four separate numbers marked off
by periods such as 210.61.186.227
 Each of 4 numbers can range from 0
– 255. This dotted quad scheme
contains up to 4 billion addresses.
 IP Address
 All the host connected to Internet
have an officially address.
 It is 4 bytes long and written in

dotted decimal notation.

 For example IP Address

10000001.1000000.00000100.000001
01 can be written as 129.128.4.5
 Transmission Control Protocol
 Protocol that establishes the
connection among sending and
receiving web computers, handles
the assembly of packets at the point
of transmission and their reassembly
at the receiving end.
 TCP / IP Layers
 Network Interface Layer: Responsible for
placing packets on and receiving them
from the network medium, which could be
a local area network (Ethernet) or Token
Ring or other network topology.
 Internet Layer: This layer is responsible for
addressing, packaging, and routing
messages on the Internet.
 TCP / IP Layers
 Transport Layer: Responsible for
providing communication with the
application by acknowledging and
sequencing the packets to and fro from
the application.
 Application Layer: Provides a wide variety
of applications with the ability to access
services of the lower layers
Some of the best applications are
FTP,SMTP and HTTP
 Domain
Domain Name: Most people can not remember 32 bit address. IP
address can be represented by a natural language convention called domain
names

Domain Name System: for expressing numeric address in

natural language

Uniform Resource Locator: Address used by a web browser

to identify the location of content on the web
 Domain Name System
DNS SERVERS: Are databases that keep
track of IP addresses and domain
names.

ROOT SERVERS: are central directories

that list all domain names currently in
use. DNS server consult root servers to
look up unfamiliar domain names when
routing traffic
 Client Server Computing
 A model of computing in which very
powerful personal computer are
connected together in a network with
one or more servers.
 Internet is a giant example of client
server computing
 Client, Server
 CLIENT: A powerful personal computer that is
part of a network. That is capable of displaying
rich graphics storing large files and processing
sound and graphic files.
 SERVER: Networked computer dedicated to
common functions that the client machines on
the network need, such as storing files, software
applications, utility programs such as web
connections and printers
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
 The set of rules for exchanging files (text,
graphic images, sound, video, and other
multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
 Runs in the application layer of the TCP/IP
model. An HTTP session begins when a
client’s browser requests a web page from
remote internet server
 When the server responds by sending the
page requested, the HTTP session for that
object ends
 SMTP, IMAP, POP
 SMTP: Internet protocol used to send mail
to server (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
 POP: Post Office Protocol, a protocol used
by the client to receive the mail from an
internet server.
 IMAP: a more current e-mail protocol that
allows users to search, organize, and filter
their mail prior to downloading it from the
server (Internet Message Access Protocol)
 Simple Network Management
Protocol
 SNMP is the protocol governing
network management and the
monitoring of network devices and
their functions.
 FTP
 Internet service that allow you to transfer file
from one computer to another computer
using client/server technology
 You run a client program on your computer
which connects to a server program on a
remote computer
 When you copy a file from remote server we
say that you are downloading and when you
copy a file from your computer to remote one
you are uploading the file
 In FTP terminology your computer is LOCAL
HOST, the other computer is REMOTE HOST
FTP
 Telnet
 Telnet is a internet service that allow you to log
in to a remote internet computer
 To utilize this service, you need a Telnet client
on your machine. Client uses internet to
connect to the remote computer
 Once the connection is made, the client acts as
intermediary between remote and your
computer
 Every thing you type on your machine is passed
on to the remote computer
 Everything the other computer displays is sent
to your computer
Telnet
 Finger
 Finding People on the Internet. You
can find out who is logged on to a
remote network by using Telnet to
connect to a server and then typing
finger at the prompt.
 Finger can tell you who is logged in
and how long they have been
attached and their user name
Finger
 Ping
 Testing address. You can ping a host
computer to check the connection
between your client and server. The
Ping will also tell you the time it
takes for the server to respond
giving some idea of the internet
speed at that time (Packet Internet
Groper)
Ping Command
 Tracert
 One of the several route tracing
utilities that allow you to follow the
path of a message you send from
your client to a remote computer on
the internet
 Middleware
 It is the glue that ties the application
to the communications networks and
includes such services as security,
authentication. Addresses and
storage repositories.
Users rarely become aware of
middleware that operate in the
background.
 Networks
 Network Access Point: One of the hubs
where the backbone intersects with
regional and local networks and
where the backbone owners connect
with one another.
 Campus Network: LAN operating within
a single organization that leases
access to the web directly from
regional or national carriers
 Internet Service Provider
 Firm that provides the lowest level of
service in the multi-tiered internet
architecture by leasing internet
access to home owners, small
business, and some large institutions
 Bandwidth
 Broadband: Refers to any
communication technology that
permits client to play streaming
audio and video files at acceptable
speeds – generally anything above
100 kbps.
 DSL:A telephone technology for
delivering high-speed access through
ordinary telephone lines found in
home or business.
 Cable Modem
 Cable Modem: A cable television
technology that piggybacks digital
access to the internet on top of the
analogue video cable providing
television signals to a home.
 Intranet and Extranet
 Intranet: A TCP/IP network located
within a single organization for
purpose of communication and
information processing.
 Extranet: Formed when firm permits
outsiders to access their internal
TCP/IP networks.
 Learning Objective
• The Internet Technology Concepts

• Internet II: The Future Infrastructure

• The World Wide Web

• The Internet and The Web features

• Security Environments and Threats

• Technology Solutions

• Payment Systems

• Digital Payment System in B2C Arena

• Digital Payment System in B2B Arena

 Limitations of Internet I
 Bandwidth: Slow service and a very limited
capacity to handle video and voice traffic.
 Quality of Service: Packets take circuitous
root to reach destination. This results in
latency. With streaming video and
synchronous communication, latency is
noticeable and user perceives jerkiness in
movies and delay in voice communication.
 Latency: uneven flow of information
packets throughout the network
 Limitations of Internet I
 Network Architecture: A thousand requests for single
music track from a central server will result in a
thousand efforts by the server to download the
music to each requesting client. This slows down
network performance.
 Language Development: HTML the language of the
web pages is fine for text and simple graphics but
poor at defining rich graphic and communicating
“rich documents” such as databases, business
documents, or graphics.
 Internet2 Project
 It is a consortium of more than 180
universities, government agencies
and private business that are
collaborating to find ways to make
the Internet more efficient.
 To create a joint test bed where new
technologies can be tested with out
impacting the existing Internet.
 Features on Internet2
 Advance Network Infrastructure
• High performance backbone networks
with bandwidth ranging from 2.5 Gbps
to 9.6 Gbps that interconnect a gigapop.
• Gigapop is regional gigabit point of
presence, or point of access to the
Internet2 network that supports data
transfers at the rate of 1 gbps or higher.
 Larger Technology Environment
 Fibre-optic Cable: Consists up to hundreds of
strands of glass or plastic that use light to
transmit data. It is frequently existing
coaxial and twisted pair of cables.
 Photonics: The study of communicating with
light waves
 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing: An optical
technology to increase bandwidth over
existing fibre-optic backbone
 Technology Environment
 Big Band: Can accommodate upwards
of 1 Gbps applications.
 GSM: Mobile communications that
uses narrowband Time Division
Multiple Access.
 CDMA: Uses full spectrum of radio
frequencies and digitally encrypts
each call
 Technology Environment
 GPRS: Next generation technology carries
data in packets, just like the Internet, but
over radio frequencies that makes wireless
communications possible.
 WAP: A relatively new protocol that can
support virtually any wireless network and
is supported by every operating system.
 Wireless Mark up Language: Programming
language for devices using WAP.
 Technology Environment
 iMode: Wireless standard that is
propriety service of the Japanese
company NIM DoCoMo
 3G: New generation of cellular phone
standards that can connect users to
the web.
 Bluetooth: New technology standard
for short range wireless
communication under 100 metres
 Technology Environment
 Wi-Fi (wireless Fidelity): Also refer to
802.11B wireless standard for Ethernet
networks with greater speed and range than
Bluetooth enabling:
• Handheld device can become multi-functional
units, serving as a credit cards, identification
badge and key all in one.
• Documents can be printed by any printer within
range or faxed via a local machine.
• Highway toll can be paid via PDA
 Internet Appliances
 Internet II infrastructure will make it possible to connect
nearly all the electronic devices to internets and intranets.
 User will be able to activate or deactivate virtually any
device that can be connected to Internet, such as TV, AC,
Security System etc.
 Where the receiving device is relies totally on the Internet
server to handle all information processing; the device
itself has no processing ability, is called Thin Client.
 Thin client also refers to PC with out hard Disk.
 IP Multicasting
 A set of technologies that enables
efficient delivery of data to many
locations on a network.
 Multicasting initially just sends one
message and does not copy it to the
individual recipients until it reaches
the common closest point on the
network.
 Guaranteed Service Levels
 With Internet II, it will be possible to
purchase the right to move data
through the network at a guaranteed
speed in return for higher fees.
 Low Error Levels: Improve quality of data
transmission reducing error rates.
 Declining Costs: Availability of broad band
will significantly reduce the cost. More
users means lower cost as product and
technology catch on in the mass
market.
 New Network Capabilities
 Developing the IPV6 addressing protocol
 Developing and implementing new quality
of service technologies.
 Developing more effective routing
practices.
 Coordinating the interconnection of
different component of the Internet2
infrastructure – Backbone, LAN, Campus
 Creating an infrastructure to efficiently
handle one-to-many communications over
the Internet.
 Learning Objective
• The Internet Technology Concepts

• Internet II: The Future Infrastructure

• The World Wide Web

• The Internet and The Web features

• Security Environments and Threats

• Technology Solutions

• Payment Systems

• Digital Payment System in B2C Arena

• Digital Payment System in B2B Arena

 Hypertext
 It is a way of formatting pages with embedded
links that connects documents to one another, and
that also links pages to other objects such as
sound, video, or animation files.
 When you type a web address in you browser such
as http://www.imt.edu, your browser sends an
HTTP request to the imt.edu server requesting the
home page of imt.edu
 HTTP is the first set of letter at the start of every
web address followed by the domain name.
 Uniform Resource Locator
 The directory path and document
name are two more pieces of
information with the web address
that help the browser track down the
requested page.
 Together the address is called a URL.
When typed into a browser, a URL
tells exactly where to look for
information. For example:
http://www.imt.edu/dlp/pgdbm.htm
 Mark Up Languages
 SGML: Standard Generalized Markup
Language. The purpose of SGML was
to help very large organizations
format and categorize large
collection of documents.
 It can run independent of any
software program, but it is extremely
completed and difficult to learn.
 An early version of Generalized
Markup language
 Hypertext Mark-up Language
 One of the next generation GML that
is relatively easy to use in the web
page design.
 HTML provides web page designers
with a fixed set of markup tags that
are used to format a web page.
 HTML functions to define the structure
and style of a document, including the
headings, graphic positioning tables
and text formatting
 Extensible Markup Language
 XML is a new Markup language
specification developed by W3C. It is a
Markup language like HTML but with a
different purpose. XML is designed to
describe data and information.
 XML can be used to define database
records and this will enable
organizations to put most of their
information processing functions into
an Internet processing environment
 Web Server Software
 That enables a computer to deliver web
pages written in HTML to client machines on
a network that request this service by
sending an HTTP request.
 Two leading brand of the software are
Apache, which is the free web server
shareware that accounts for 60% of the
market, and windows NT Server software
that accounts for 20% of the market.
 Other Servers
 Database Server: That access specific
information with a database.
 Ad Servers: Designed to deliver
targeted banners ads.
 Mail Server: That provides mail
Messages.
 Video Server: That serves video clips.
 Web Clients
 Any computer device attach to the
Internet that is capable of making
HTTP requests and displaying HTML
pages, most commonly a Window or
Macintosh PC with various flavour of
UNIX machines.
 However the fastest growing web
clients are PDAs and cellular phones
fitted with wireless web access
software.
 Learning Objective
• The Internet Technology Concepts

• Internet II: The Future Infrastructure

• The World Wide Web

• The Internet and The Web features

• Security Environments and Threats

• Technology Solutions

• Payment Systems

• Digital Payment System in B2C Arena

• Digital Payment System in B2B Arena

 Electronic Mail
 The most used application of the
Internet
 Uses a series of protocols to enable
messages containing text, images,
sound and video clips to be
transferred from one internet user to
another
 Attachment: A file inserted with in the
e-mail message.
 Spam: Unsolicited e-mail.
 Search Engines
 Identifies web pages that appear to
match keywords, also called queries,
typed by the user and provides a list
of the best matches.
 Top search Engines Yahoo, MSN,
AOL, Lycos, Go, Netscape, NBCi,
Exite, AskJeeves, Alta Vista, Google,
LookSmart, GoTo, Iwon, Direct Hit,
DogPile
 Search Bot Altivista.com
Intelligent Webcrawler

Agents
 Or Software Shopping Bot MySimon
DealTime
Robots (bots)
are software
programs that Update Bot UrlyWarning
gather and / or
filter information
on specific topic
News Bot WebClipping
and then provide SportSpider
a list of results
for the user.
Chatter Bot eGain
NativeMinds
 Instant messaging
 Displays word type on computer
almost instantaneously. Recipients
then can respond immediately to
sender the same way, making the
communication more like a live
conversation than is possible through
e-mail.
 Chat
 Enables user to communicate via computer in
real time, that is simultaneously, unlike Instant
Messaging chat can occur among several
users.
 Cookies: are a tool used by web sites to store
information about a user. When visitor enters
a web site, site sends a small text file to the
user’s computer so that information from the
site can be loaded more quickly on future visits
 Streaming Media
 Enables music, video and other large
files to be sent to users in chunks so
that when received and played, the
files comes through uninterrupted.
 Streamed files must be viewed live,
They can not be stored on client hard
drive.
 RealAudio and RealVideo are the most
widely used streaming tools.
 IP Telephony
 A general term for the technology
that use VOIP and the Internet packet
switched network to transmit voice
and other forms of audio
communication over the Internet.
 VOIP Protocol: Protocol that allows
transmission voice and other forms of
audio communication over the
Internet.
 Digital Library
 As bandwidth capabilities of the
Internet increase, digital libraries
and software applications will
emerge as companies and individuals
elect to rent software rather than
buy it.
 Accessing a web server will enable a
user to download the desired
software by paying a subscription fee
instead of purchase price
 Distributed Storage
 Application Service Providers can assist
both in processing data and in storing it
dispersing it to multiple servers rather
than having it reside on one.
 Sophisticated software such as XML can
extract pieces of data from various
sources, analyze it and report the results
in a predetermined fashion.
 Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP)
 Enterprise resource planning is the
set of activities supported by
application software that helps a
company manage many facets of its
business.
 Learning Objective
• The Internet Technology Concepts

• Internet II: The Future Infrastructure

• The World Wide Web

• The Internet and The Web features

• Security Environments and Threats

• Technology Solutions

• Payment Systems

• Digital Payment System in B2C Arena

• Digital Payment System in B2B Arena