Smart Energy

David Atienza, EPFL YINS

Christophe Ballif, EPFL Synergy
Maher Kayal, EPFL SmartGrid
John Lygeros, ETHZ HeatReserves
Christophe Moser, EPFL SHINE
Christian Piguet, CSEM IcySoC
Chair: Mario Paolone, EPFL
David Atienza, EPFL

YINS
YINS:
Energy- and Thermal-Aware Design of
Many-Core Heterogeneous Datacenters

Prof. David Atienza ESL EPFL
Prof. Luca Benini IIS ETHZ
Dr. Edouard Bugnion EC EPFL
Prof. Babak Falsafi PARSA EPFL
Prof. Lothar Thiele TIK ETHZ
Prof. John Thome LTCM EPFL
Dr. Fabrice Roudet Eaton Gmbh
Marcel Ledergerber Credit Suisse
Patrick Segu BrainServe
Nano-Tera Annual Meeting, May 20
th
2014 (Lausanne)
Information Technologies (IT) Is Ever More
Indispensable But Energy-Efficient IT Needed
Data Centers
Era of knowledge economy and Big Data in science
50% of economic value in developed countries [Economist]
Datacenter are key in supply-chain of products/services

Centralized processing with minimal-energy use
Computing paradigm to enable energy-proportional services
Molecular
Dynamics
Gene
Sequencing
Financial
Simulations
Medical
Analytics
Weather
Prediction
Higher Demand + Lower Efficiency: IT Energy
Not Sustainable with Current Datacenters!
Modern datacenters increase power demands 20 MW
Since 2005 - Limited voltage scaling: Trans. smaller, but similar used power
Power is beginning to clearly dominate costs in datacenter management

In Switzerland, 3-4% of all electricity, growing at >20%
Swiss industry is heavily based on services and requires significant IT support
Swiss Energy Strategy 2050: sustainable IT needs to be at its core

B
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n

K
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w
a
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t

h
o
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r
/
y
e
a
r

2001 2005 2009 2014 2019
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
Datacenter Electricity
Demands In the US
[Energy Star]
A Modern Datacenter






17x football stadium, $3 billion
50 million Swiss homes
Why Cant Industry Fix This?
IT industry/market is horizontal:
Per-vendor layer
Well-defined interfaces
Near-neighbor optimization at best

Big cloud operators (Google, Amazon,
Facebook, etc.)
Driving the market
Do cross-layer optimizations
But,
Only optimizing their setups
Not vendors of technologies
And hold data and services hostage



Middleware
(data, web services)
Application
Runtime System
(scripting, DSLs)
Operating System
(resource management)
Server
(processor, mem, storage,
network)
Infrastructure
(cooling, power)
YINS Approach:
System-Level Energy-Efficient Integration
Balanced and inter-disciplinary consortium to cover datacenter design
Multi-scale system engineering: chip to datacenter level (both HW/SW)
Synergy of disciplines: electrical eng., mechanical eng. and computer sciences
Industrial participation: 3 industrial full partners and 3 third-party partners
ESL-EPFL
IIS-ETHZ
EC-EPFL
PARSA-EPFL
TIK-ETHZ
LTCM-EPFL
~50%
less
Significant reduction of overall datacenter energy budget
with scalable PUE = ~1.0 for all sizes and utilization levels
YINS: Project Outcomes and Impact
Develop open and green datacenter technologies at system level
Adaptive to multiple conditions and industrial needs (e.g., Swiss IT)
Critical for the long-term IT independence of Switzerland
PUE
Utilization
100%
1.03
2.50
1.65
40-80%
~1.00
Homogeneous
setup
Heterogeneous setups
Christophe Ballif, EPFL

Synergy
Synergy:
Systems for ultra-high performance
photovoltaic energy harvesting
Christophe Ballif
PV-Lab, EPFL
CSEM, PV-center
Neuchtel
What?
12
Systems for ultra-high performance
photovoltaic energy harvesting
Why?
13
Phase-out of nuclear power production within the next decades

Limited space available. High efficiency approaches



Highly competitive photovoltaics market

Novel approaches




Electronic devices have become more mobile in recent years

Specialty devices

From W to GW
The best PV devices for energy generation (1000 W/m
2
)
are also the best devices for energy scavenging (from 10
to 1000 lumen)
J = -J
ill
+J
o
[e
qV/kT
-1]+V/R
p

J
o
small (e.g. high bandgap), R
p
high (no leakage current)
High bandgap cells perform
better than c-Si in indoor
environment (light spectrum
and diode law) !
How?
15
Source: Empa
Top cell: Narrow-bandgap to harvest visible light
Perovskite cells
GaAs nanowire cells
Wide-bandgap Chalcogenide cells
Bottom cell: Wide bandgap to harvest near-infrared light
Crystalline/amorphous silicon heterojunction cells
Copper indium gallium selenide
Tandem solar cells with efficiencies
beyond the single-junction limit, i.e. > 30%
Consortium
16
Maher Kayal, EPFL

SmartGrid
S
3

S
3
Grid: Smart grids, Smart buildings and Smart
sensors for Optimized and Secure Management of
Electricity Distribution using dedicated
microelectronic ICs and real time ICT.
Lausanne, 20
th
of May 2014
14.10.09
Project Structure and Challenges
19.04.13
19
Smart Grid
Smart
Buildings
Smart Sensors Transmission Network
Smart Grid
Real time monitoring:
Real time power system state estimation and emulation.
ICTs dedicated layer.
Smart Buildings
Control:
Demand side management, using intelligent plugs (eSmart) to create a cluster of controllable
loads (power distribution).
Smart Sensors
Local power optimization respecting building occupancy:
Zero-power sensors network.
Intelligent "human" management of the building by using granular monitoring systems.
Active Distribution Network Control
20
Time
Reference
Monitoring
Control
State
Estimation
algorithm
Protections
Data
Concentration
Telecom
Network
PMU
Active
Distribution
Network
(ADN)
Advanced synchrophasor
estimation algorithms for
the deployment of PMUs in
ADNs.

Resilient PMU
synchronization methods
for ADNs.
Data concentration, time
alignment and bad data
detection algorithms.
Applications for the real-time
control and protection of
ADNs (e.g., fault location and
identification, voltage control,
etc.)
PMU
calibrator
PMU
Synthesizer
KF1
KF2
KF3
Active Distribution Network State Estimation
21
Data
Concentration
Monitoring
Control
Time
Reference
State
Estimation
algorithm
Telecom
Network
Protections
PMU
accurate
fast (sub-second)
reliable
Real-Time State Estimation
for ADNs
Active
Distribution
Network
(ADN)
in every network condition
(normal and emergency)
Recursive SE
Kalman Filter
ADN
state
Network
topology
Measurements
Process model
Prediction
Time
Update
Estimation
Measurement
Update
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0.9785
0.979
0.9795
0.98
0.9805
0.981
0.9815
Time [s]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e


[
p
.
u
.
]


Measurements
True State
Kalman Filter
True State
Measurements
Kalman Filter
Real Time IP based Communication for Active Distribution Network
Dedicated infrastructure.
First network deployment to support real time state estimation of
several medium voltage buses.
Cyber-security architecture.
12.11.12
22
19.04.13
Smart building management
23
Monitoring
Acting (ON/OFF)
Communication
Inertial Loads
Specific Loads
Battery powered
Loads
Smart Lights
Presence
radio sensor
Temperature
radio sensor
Real-Time
monitoring
Appliances
Smart
Control
John Lygeros, ETHZ

HeatReserves
Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH
Zrich
www.control.ethz.ch
HeatReserves: Project Overview
John Lygeros
Building Energy Management
Motivation
:
Standards: room temperature,
air quality, in a given range
with predened probability

Cost of energy, green energy
Slow building dynamics.
Uncertain weather forecasts
Objectives
:
Increase energy
eciency
Maintain user comfort
Computation
Weather forecast
Occupancy
forecast
Energy
eciency User
comfort
Building
Europe :
40% energy
used in
buildings
Use weather forecast for planning, take into account forecast uncertainty
and minimize energy while respecting comfort constraints
Buildings for grid ancillary services
Traditional electricity grid
Inexible, uncertain demand
Flexible, deterministic supply
Feedback control of supply


Increased in renewables
Inexible, uncertain
supply



Who can pick up the slack?
Flexible, controllable demand?
Feedback control of
demand through
price/other signals
Buildings for grid ancillary services
Potential of thermal storage for ancillary services
Few large or many small buildings
Exploit to manipulate electricity demand
Sell slack to grid as reserves
Facilitate introduction of renewables

Interplay of engineering issues
Building climate control for ancillary
services
Population control of small consumers,
Communication requirements

and economic issues
Grid value of ancillary services vs. consumer loss of welfare
Marketing schemes for consumer participation
Other issues: Privacy,
Team

Power Systems (ETH--
-PSL)
Control Systems
(ETH--ACL)
Grid
Operations
(SwissGrid)
Building Management
(EMPA)
Economics (HSG--IWOE)
Research questions

Four questions investigated
1. What is the economic value of additional
ancillary services to the Swiss grid?
2. How can HVAC systems of oce buildings
be controlled to provide ancillary services?
3. How can a large number of household appliances
be controlled to provide ancillary services?
4. How can consumers be induced to take part in
such demand response schemes?
Plus validation on the NEST building (EMPA)
Christophe Moser, EPFL

SHINE
Optimizing Solar-Hydrogen Production
33
Large
electrolyzer
Small
electrolyzer
Optimal
electrolyzer
Next-generation solar concentrators
Solar Driven Water Splitting
Unified SHINE Modeling Platform
Electromagnetic
Wave
Propagation (EM)
Semiconductor
Charge Transport
(SC)
Heat
Transfe
r
(HT)
Reacting
Fluid Flow
(RFF)
Fluid
Flow
(FF)
Electrolyzer
Charge
Transport
(EC)
for tomorrow.
Christian Piguet, CSEM
Andreas P. Burg, EPFL

IcySoC
IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
The IcySoC Project
A Smart, Ultra-Low-Power Platform for
NanoTera Applications
IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
The Need for Energy Efficient Electronics





NanoTera applications require significant intelligence
(computing power)

Yesterday Today
Tomorrow
(autonomous)
IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
The Energy Efficiency Challenge
10
12
ops/J 1pJ/op 1GOPS/mW
Use high energy when
need to work hard
Low energy when doing
little is good enough
Challenge: Energy
Proportionality
[RuchIBM11]
IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
The Mission of IcySoC
Provide new solutions and a universal
platform for energy-efficient computing for
Wearable Health Monitoring
Environmental Monitoring
The Internet of Things
Personal Electronics and Entertainment

IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
The IcySoC Platform
Many-core architecture
organized in clusters
Large number of simple, but efficient processor cores
Energy-efficient application-specific accelerators
PULP: parallel ultra-low-power platform
IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
Why is Low-Power Design Difficult?
IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
Approximate Computing: A New Paradigm
The Economist, June 2
nd
-8
th
2012
Oh, thats near enough: Letting microchips make a few mistakes
here and there could make them much faster and more
energy-efficient
Noisy real
world Inputs
Perceptual
Limitations
Approximately
Sparse
No single
Golden Result
Multimedia
Communications
Iterative
Self healing
Pattern Recognition
Application
Resilience
Web search
IcySOC
RTD 2013
IcySOC
RTD 2013
Smart Energy
David Atienza, EPFL YINS
Christophe Ballif, EPFL Synergy
Maher Kayal, EPFL SmartGrid
John Lygeros, ETHZ HeatReserves
Christophe Moser, EPFL SHINE
Christian Piguet, CSEM IcySoC
Chair: Mario Paolone, EPFL