Perkembangan mental dewasa & usia lanjut

Adnil EdwinNurdin


BEHAVIORAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT



Erik Erikson Epigenetic Principle
Development occurs in sequential, clearly defined stages
Specific issue in each stage
Issues in each stage must be resolved
Development can proceed smoothly
Successful resolution failed in a particular stage
All subsequent stages reflect that failure
Maladjustment of:
Physical growth
Cognitive development
Social development
Emotional development


Stages
1.Basic Trust versus Mistrust (birth-1 year)
Need for instant satisfaction, TRUE LOVE
Resolved-----Strong Basic trust, believe in others, hopeful attitude, self
confidence, trustful personality
Unresolved-------suspicious, cant control urge
2.Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
learning to walk, feed it self, talk, TOILET TRAINING
need for firm outer control, first discipline, in love----autonomy
to much outer control------shame
to much punishment, harsh discipline----self doubt
3.Initiative versus Guilt (3-5 years)
initiative arises in relation to tasks for the sake of activity
guilt arises on contemplated goal
mimic adult world
sibling rivalry
resolution through social role identification
I am a boy, she is a girl. I play with a toy gun, she plays with a doll

Stages (cont)
6.Intimacy versus Isolation (21-40 years)
to love, to work, to nurture others, to be responsible for others
resolved-----intimacy, loyalty, responsible, loving
unresolved---isolation, view that others are dangerous
7.Generativity versus Stagnation (40-65 years)
work for the future generation, productive, creativity, concern and responsibility
for others, striving to left some thing good for future generation after death---
GENERATIVITY
Unresolved-----self concern, isolated
8.Integrity versus Despair (more than 65 years)
Integrity---sense of satisfaction that life has been productive and worthwhile-----I
WILL SLEEP IN PEACE, AND IF THE TIME CAME, I HAVE LEFT SOMETHING USEFUL
FOR POSTERITY. THANKS GOD FOR THIS LIFE
Despair----what have I done in the past---FEARFUL OF DEATH

Conclusion
1.Growth and development occur in stages
2.Each stage has its own specific issues which must be resolved
3.Unresolved issues in certain stage will hamper the next stages
4.Growth and development failure

POST POWER SYNDROME ?
PERSONALITY MEMANG SUDAH TERGANGGU

WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL BASE OF AGING?
Memory in normal aging vs Alzheimer
memory loss, hallmark Alzheimer's disease.
memory loss normal aging diff. Alzheimer's

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
transitional state
cognitive changes of normal aging Alzheimer's disease
MCI risk factor Alzheimers disease.
55% MCI Alzheimer dalam 4.5 tahun

HIPOKAMPUS

Memory decline in normal aging
ability to encode new memories of events or facts
working memory
episodic memory
impairments in the ability to refresh recently processed information
remembering the source of information
declines in the ability to bind information together

Domains of memory mostly spared in normal aging

procedural memory
short-term memory
semantic knowledge, such as vocabulary, improves with age
enhancement in memory for emotional events

Retrospective versus prospective memory
prospective memory naturalistic contexts >
retrospective <

Qualitative changes

brain imaging use both hemispheres when completing memory tasksstrategi
berubah
positivity effect when remembering information
increased focus on regulating emotion
preferential looking toward happy and away from sad

ALZHEIMER

neurodegenerative disease
Progressive cognitive deterioration
Declining activities of daily living
Neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes
Most common type of dementia

Gradual symptoms
1 st.loss of short term memory (amnesia)
minor forgetfulness
steadily more pronounced
relative preservation of older memories.
cognitive (intellectual) impairment
language (aphasia)
skilled movements (apraxia),
recognition (agnosia),
decision-making and planning closely related to the frontal and temporal lobes
disconnected from the limbic system,
disease where the victims suffer the loss of qualities that define human
existence.

Patobiologi

neuronal loss/atrophy, in the temporoparietal and frontal cortex
inflammatory response to amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
Mutasi 3 gen familial, early-onset AD.
mutasi ApoE4 late onset AD

Neuropathology

Anatomigross diffuse atrophy of the brain
loss of neurons, dendrit dan synap di cerebral cortex
subcortical regions.
gross atrophy
degenerasi temporal lobe, parietal lobe,frontal cortex ,cingulate gyrus.
acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, somatostatin me<
Glutamate me>

Risk reducers

Intellectual stimulation, catur, bridge, crossword
Regular physical exercise
Regular social interaction
A generally healthy diet low in saturated fat, supplemented in
particular with:
B vitamins
Omega-3 fatty acids, especially Docosahexaenoic acid
Fruit and vegetable juice

DETEKSI KLINIS AWAL

MMS