Geometric Tolerancing - Definitions

Maximum Material Condition (MMC) The condition

in which a feature of size contains the maximum
amount of material with the stated limits of size, -
fore example, minimum hole diameter and maximum
shaft diameter
Least Material Condition (LMC) Opposite of MMC,
the feature contains the least material. For example,
maximum hole diameter and minimum shaft diameter
Virtual Condition The envelope or boundary that
describes the collective effects of all tolerance
requirements on a feature (See Figure 7-25 TG)
Virtual Condition Envelope
All Required Tolerances
20.06 Maximum
Envelope
20.00
Maximum
Allowable
Diameter
0.06
Maximum
Allowable
Curvature
Feature Control Frame
This feature must be parallel to Datum B within .007 at MMC
(largest cylinder) as measured on the diameter
.007 M B
Geometric
Characteristic
Symbol
Tolerance
Material condition
Datum
Reference
B
.007
Tolerance of Form - Straightness
19.89
19.76
0.03
0.03 Tolerance Zone
This cylinder must be straight
within 0.03 mm.
What it means -
Concentricity Tolerance Note
XX
A
YY
.007 A
This cylinder (the right cylinder) must be concentric
within .007 with the Datum A (the left cylinder)
as measured on the diameter
.007 Tolerance
Zone
What It Means
DIMENSIONING
Requirements
1. Unambiguous
2. Completeness
3. No redundancy
0.83 ' 0.95 ' 1.22 '
3.03 '
Redundant dimensioning
0.83 ' 1.22 '
3.03 '
1.72 '
0.86 '
Adequate dimensioning
Incomplete
dimensioning
TOLERANCE
unilateral

bilateral
1.00 0.05
+
-
nominal dimension
tolerance
0.95
+ 0.10
- 0.00
1.05
+ 0.00
- 0.10
1.00 0.05
+
-
0.95 - 1.05 means a range
"TOLERANCE IS ALWAYS ADDITIVE"
What is the expected dimension and tolerances?

d = 0.80 +1.00 + 1.20 = 3.00

t = (0.01 + 0.01 + 0.01) = 0.03
0.80 ' 0.01 1.20 ' 0.01
1.00 ' 0.01
?
Maximum x length = 3.01 - 0.79 - 1.19 = 1.03
Minimum x length = 2.99 - 0.81 - 1.21 = 0.97

Therefore x = 1.00 0.03
0.80 ' 0.01 1.20 ' 0.01
3.00 ' 0.01
?
x
SURFACE FINISH
w a v i n e s s w i d t h
r o u g h n e s s w i d t h
w a v i n e s s
r o u g h n e s s
STRAIGHTNESS
Value must be smaller
than the size tolerance.
1.000 ' 0.002
0 . 0 0 1
M e a s u r e d e r r o r 0 . 0 0 1
1.000 ' 0.002
0 . 0 0 1
0 . 0 0 1
Design Meaning
Tolerance zone between two straightness lines.
FLATNESS
1.000 ' 0.002
0 . 0 0 1
0 . 0 0 1
p a r a l l e l
p l a n e s
Tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes.
CIRCULARITY (ROUNDNESS)
1.00 ' 0.05
0 . 0 1
At any section along the cylinder

Tolerance zone bounded by two concentric circles.


CYLINDRICITY
1.00 ' 0.05
0 . 0 1
0 . 0 1
Rotate in a V
Rotate between points
Tolerance zone bounded by two concentric cylinders
within which the cylinder must lie.
PERPENDICULARITY
A surface, median plane, or axis at a right angle to the datum plane
or axis.
0.500 ' 0.005
1.000 ' 0.005
. 0 0 2 A
2.000 ' 0.005
A
. 0 0 2 T A
ANGULARITY
A surface or axis at a specified angle (orther than 90) from a datum
plane or axis. Can have more than one datum.
3.500 ' 0.005
1 . 5 0 0 0 . 0 0 5
4 0
0 . 0 0 5 A
A
PARALLELISM
1.000 " 0.005
2.000 " 0.005
. 0 0 1 A
A
The condition of a surface equidistant at all points from a datum plane,
or an axis equidistant along its length to a datum axis.
0 . 0 0 1
PROFILE
A uniform boundary along the true profile within whcih
the elements of the surface must lie.
A
B
0 . 0 0 5 A B
0 . 0 0 1
RUNOUT
0.361 " 0.002
1.500 " 0.005
A
0.005 A
A composite tolerance used to control the functional relationship
of one or more features of a part to a datum axis. Circular runout
controls the circular elements of a surface. As the part rotates
360 about the datum axis, the error must be within the tolerance
limit.
D a t u m
a x i s
D e v i a t i o n o n e a c h
c i r c u l a r c h e c k r i n g
i s l e s s t h a n t h e
t o l e r a n c e .
TOTAL RUNOUT
D a t u m
a x i s
D e v i a t i o n o n t h e
t o t a l s w e p t w h e n
t h e p a r t i s r o t a t i n g
i s l e s s t h a n t h e
t o l e r a n c e .
0.361 " 0.002
1.500 " 0.005
A
0.005 A
TRUE POSITION
1.20
0.01
1.00 0.01
1 . 2 0
1 . 0 0
T o l e r a n c e z o n e
0 . 0 1 d i a
O 0 . 0 1 M A B
O . 8 0 0 . 0 2
Dimensional
tolerance
True position
tolerance
Hole center tolerance zone
A
B
TOLERANCE VALUE MODIFICATION
Produced True Pos tol
hole size
0.97 out of diametric tolerance
0.98 0.01 0.05 0.01
0.99 0.02 0.04 0.01
1.00 0.03 0.03 0.01
1.01 0.04 0.02 0.01
1.02 0.05 0.01 0.01
1.03 out of diametric tolerance

1.20
1.00
O 0.01 M A B
O 1.00 0.02
M L S
The default modifier for
true position is MMC.
MMC





LMC
For M the allowable tolerance = specified tolerance + (produced hole
size - MMC hole size)
A
B
MMC HOLE
Given the same peg (MMC peg), when the produced hole size
is greater than the MMC hole, the hole axis true position
tolerance zone can be enlarged by the amount of difference
between the produced hole size and the MMC hole size.
hole axis t olerance zone
MMC hole
LMC hole
MMC peg will f it in t he hole
axis must be in t he t olerance zone
,