NPTI

ANIL KUMAR
NPTI, FBD
 POWER SECTOR-AN OVERVIEW

Electricity - ‘Concurrent Subject’ : joint

responsibility of State and Central
Governments.
Bulk of transmission and distribution
functions with State Utilities.
Private sector - small presence in
Distribution and making entry into
Transmission.
 POWER SECTOR-AN OVERVIEW

 Conventional Generation - blend of thermal, hydro

and nuclear sources.
 Coal based thermal power plants and in some
regions hydro power plants - mainstay of
electricity generation.
 Oil, natural gas and nuclear power accounts for
smaller proportion of power.
 Emphasis also on non-conventional energy
sources i.e. solar, wind, biogas and tidal.
 Captive power plants being encouraged to supply
surplus power to Grid.
GROWTH OF INSTALLED GENERATING
CAPACITY IN INDIA
(figs. in MW)

2,24,907 *
Thermal Nuclear
Hydro Renewable

1,32,329
1,24,287
1,18,426
1,07,877
1,05,046
81,171
63,636
42,585
28,448
16,664
9,027
2,695

4,653
1,362

'47 '55 '61 '66 '74 '80 '85 '90 '95 '02 '03 '04 '06 '07 '12
(Projeced)

* includes Likely capacity

Source: CEA Addition of 14000 MW from
Renewables during 11th plan
ALL INDIA PLF (%) OF THERMAL POWER STATIONS
(COAL AND LIGNITE BASED)
78.6
78
C H A R T : 1736 . 8
7 4 .784 . 3

73 72.7
72.2
69.9
69
68 67.3

63 64.6
6 4 . 46 4 . 7
63 61
60
58
57.1
56.5 56.5
53.2 55 5 5 . 3
53.9
53
52.4

48

Y ear s

Source: CEA
MAJOR LEGISLATIVE / POLICY INITIATIVES
OF GOVERNMENT
 1998- Electricity Regulatory Commission Act
 1998 - Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act
 2001- Electricity Conservation Act
 2003- Electricity Act
 February ,2005- National Electricity Policy
 January 2006- National Tariff Policy
 August 23, 2006 - Rural Electrification Policy
 August 2006- Integrated Energy Policy.
 January 2007- Report submitted by Working Group on Power for 11th
Plan constituted by Planning Commission.
 August,2007 - National Electricity Plan notified.
NATIONAL ELECTRICITY POLICY – THE WAY
FORWARD
• Access to electricity for all households in next 5
years.
• Availability of power on demand to be fully met by
2012
• Energy shortage and peaking shortage to be
overcome by providing adequate spinning
reserves
• Reliability and quality of power to be supplied in
efficient manner .
• Electricity Sector to achieve financial turnaround
and commercial viability
• Consumers’ interests to be accorded top priority.
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN THE
COUNTRY (as on 31 August, 2008)
st

R.E.S.,
NUCLEAR 12195 HYDRO,
4120 8.4% 36198,
2.8% 24.8%

THERMAL
93115
64%

TOTAL IC-1,45,627 MW
CENTRAL ELECTRICITY
AUTHORITY
MINISTRY OF POWER
EVOLUTION OF UNIT SIZE OF
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
COAL BASED POWER PLANTS

 Largest unit size in 1950-30 MW

 First re-heat unit of 82.5 MW in 1966 at
Bandel TPS
 First 200 MW unit at Obra TPS in 1977
 First 500 MW unit at Trombay in 1984
 Committee constituted by CEA
recommended 800 to 1000 MW unit size in
future
 In 11th Plan 800/660 MW units planned
Details of IC of renewable energy
sources
(As on 31.03.2008)

Sources / Systems Installed Capacity ( MW)

Wind Power 7666.84

Biomass Power & 1325.63
Biomass Gasifiers

Small Hydro Power 2034.07

Solar power & others 87.87
Total 11,125.41
 Development of Transmission
Voltages Levels
• 132 kV Highest level at the time of
Independence
• Introduction of 220 kV in 1960
• 400 kV in 1977
• HVDC back-to-back link in 1989,
• 500kV, HVDC bi-pole line in 1990
• 765 kV transmission line from 2000 onwards.
 PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY IN
INDIA
Growth Pattern

kWh/year 1000

672 704
613 632
559

348
176

1980- 1990- 2000- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2011-

81 91 01 05 06 07 08 12

(Projected)
As per UN Methodology (Gross Electrical Energy Availability /
Source: CEA Population)
 ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY POSITION OF
THE COUNTRY (April,08-August,08)
Peak (MW) Energy (MU)

Requirement 1,06,922 3,18,813

Availability 91,363 2,84,861

(-)Shortage/ (-) 15,559 (-)33,952

(+)Surplus
(%) (-) 14.6 (-) 10.6
10TH PLAN –TARGET AND ACTUAL
CAPACITY ADDITION

* Thermal -12,114 MW, Hydro – 7,886 MW, Nuclear – 1180 MW

 POWER GENERATION -
CENTRAL ELECTRICITY
AUTHORITY
POWER GENERATION
MINISTRY OF POWER - STRATEGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
STRATEGY
• Large emphasis on hydro development. Constraints
restricting progress are large gestation period, high
capital cost, Issues such as R&R, law & order etc.
New Hydro Policy to encourage private participation in
hydro power generation.
• Limited dependability on gas based capacity -
Availability of gas at reasonable rates being a
constraint for gas based projects. During 11th Plan only
about 6,843 MW gas based capacity envisaged.
• Active steps to harness Nuclear energy on a larger
scale being taken but contribution minor as yet.
• Renewables.
 POWER GENERATION
CENTRAL ELECTRICITY
AUTHORITY
POWER GENERATION
MINISTRY OF POWER - STRATEGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
- STRATEGY
• Renewable energy sources to be made
economically viable- At present can play
dominant role in meeting remote located
demands where not economic to extend the
grid.
• Coal based power projects expected to be main
stay of Indian Power Sector for next 50-70 years.
Continuous efforts directed at generating
maximum energy from each tonne of coal with
minimum effect on environment
 Development of Hydro Power projects
Plan Period Hydro CapacityTotal Hydro Capacity at
Addition (MW) the end of plan (MW)

11th Plan (2007-08 to 15627 50280

2011 - 12)

12th Plan (2012-13 to 30000 80280

2016-17)

13th Plan (2017 - 18 to 31000 111280

2021-22)

14th Plan (2022-23 to 36494 147774

2026 - 27)
DEMAND AND CAPACITY REQUIREMENT

Year Energy Peak Proposed Generation

Requirement Demand Capacity growth rate
(BU) (MW) Addition during (CAGR)
5 year plan
(MW)

2011- 1038 1,52,000 77,070* 9.5%

12 ( 11th Plan) (over
2006-07)

2016- 1470 2,18,209 94,000 7.4% (over

17 (12th Plan) 2011-12)

* Feasible capacity as per latest assessment

CAPACITY ADDITION TARGETTED FOR
11th PLAN (SECTORWISE)

1 5 ,0 4 3 M W
(19% )
PV T SEC T OR

ST A T E SEC T OR C ENT RA L SEC T OR

3 6 ,8 7 4 M W
2 6,7 8 3 M W
47%
(34% )

Total 78,700 MW
 INTERNATIONAL CONCLAVE ON KEY
INPUTS
 On 4th-5th July,2007 organized by
CBIP/MoP/CEA.

Purpose-To discuss issues to be addressed to

ensure timely Implementation of projects
during 11th Plan and beyond .
11th Plan tentative targets for grid interactive
renewable power
(Figures in MW)

Sources / Systems Target for 11th plan

Wind Power 10,500

Biomass Power Baggasse Co- 2,100
generation
Biomass Gasifiers
Small Hydro (up to 25 MW) 1400
Total 14,000
Targets for 12th Plan likely to be at least 14,000 MW
 Village Electrification
Number of villages electrified increased
from 3061 in 1950 to about 4,88,655 in
2008 (as on 31.07.08, 82.3% village
electrification).
Renewable Energy Sources during 12th Plan

• Capacity addition during 12th Plan expected to

be more than 11th Plan due to incentives by
MNRE for setting up of Solar and Wind power
plants
• Considering at least 14,000 MW during 12th
Plan also, by 12th Plan end about 38,000 MW
Renewable power expected.
• Assuming PLF of 20 %, generation about 67
BU.
• This energy considered while planning for 12th
Plan
 12th Plan Tentative Capacity Addition
• Demand as per 17th EPS – Energy Requirement – 13,92,066
BU; Peak Demand- 2,18,209 MW
• Spinning Reserve – 5% as per National Electricity Policy.
Capacity corresponding to 3000 MW and 1600 MW also worked
out
• 25,000 MW Hydro and 8,500 MW Nuclear as must run stations.
• As result of studies 12th Plan total Generating capacity 94,431
which includes 61,171 MW thermal.(28,190 MW PH, 15,495 MW
LC, 14,800 MW Coastal)
• Capacity with 1600 MW S.R.- 81,570 MW; 3000MW S.R. –
82,970 MW
• Fuel consumption(2016-17) – Coal 815 MT, Lignite 60 MT
• All India Studies for 5% S.R: LOLP – 0.18%; ENS – 0.00%
(Norms – LOLP-1% & ENS- 0.15%)
 13th Plan Tentative Capacity
Expansion
ASSUMPTIONS
• 17th EPS Demand – Energy Requirement- 19,14,508
MU; Peak Demand- 2,98,253 MW
• Spinning Reserve - 5% .
• Beginning of 13th Plan 37,014 MW Coal & Lignite based
capacity more than 27 yrs old. (5,634 MW capacity upto 100 MW
unit size and 31,380 MW capacity greater than 100 MW unit size)
• Studies indicate 13th Plan capacity addition-1,05,060
MW (Hydro-34,500 MW, Nuclear -8,000 MW, Thermal
-62,560 MW including 6000 MW gas)
• LOLP-0.18 % and ENS-0.007 %, Reliability Criteria met.
Strategies/ Initiatives for GHG Mitigation
• Clean Coal technologies
 Supercritical Technology – 2% efficiency gain possible
 Ultra Supercritical Technology –additional efficiency 0.75% over
800 MW supercritical
 Integrated Gasification Technology – higher efficiency of 40-
45%
• Reduction in T & D losses – All India T&D losses- 28.65%
in 2006-07. Aim to bring down to 15%
• R & M of old thermal power stations – Benefits of
CDM to be extended to overcome fund constraints
• Energy Efficiency improvement
CENTRAL ELECTRICITY
AUTHORITY TECHNOLOGIES USED AT
MINISTRY OF POWER
COMBUSTION STAGE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Clean coal technologies( CCT) – have pollution

abatement in energy conversion process so
external environmental control equipments not
required
• Adoption of Supercritical technology
• Ultra supercritical (USC) and advanced USC technology
• Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion ( CFBC)
• Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC)
• Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
• In-Situ gasification
• Low NOx burners
• Oxy-fuel combustion
 Sub-critical units in 10th , 11th , 12th, 13th
& 14th Plans
600 MW 500 MW 250/300/3 200/210 125/135 Total
(nos) (nos) 30 MW MW MW (nos) Subcritical
(nos) (nos) MW

10TH Plan 0 11 7 9 4 9620

11TH Plan 8 42 62 6 14 45470

12th Plan 7 20 12 0 2 18270

13TH Plan 0 8 0 0 0 4000

14th Plan 0 0 0 0 0 0
Super-critical units in 10th , 11th , 12th ,
13th & 14th Plans
Total Sub 660 MW 800 MW Total Total MW
critical MW (nos) (nos) Super critical
MW

10TH Plan 9620 0 0 0 9620

11TH Plan 45470 7 1 5420 50890

12th Plan 18270 25 33 42,900 61,170

13TH Plan 4000 36 36 52,560 56,560

14th Plan 0 45 52 71,300 71,300

 ALL INDIA EFFICIENCY AND
EMISSION RATES
• All India thermal efficiency – 32.44% (2006-07)
(coal & lignite based plants)
• Present weighted average CO2 emission rate (t
CO2 /MWh) (including imports) : 0.80 (2006-07)
 Likely Coal Based Capacity Addition & Expected Emission
End of Coal Cumula Total Coal Co2 Co2 Expecte Total Ash
The Based tive Gener Consum Emissi Emissi d Gener
Plan Capaci Coal ation ption on on per Ther ation
ty Base from (MT) (MT) unit of mal (MT)
Additi d Coal Therm Effici
on Capacit Based al ency
(MW) y Plants Genera
(MW) (BU) tion

11th 50240 116610 708 492 722 1.02 35.3 182

Plan

12th 58485 175095 1164 785 1152 0.99 36.4 278

Plan

13th 56500 231595 1542 1028 1507 0.97 36.85 363

Plan

14th 72000 303595 2033 1337 1961 0.96 37.3 471

Plan