Ac DC Meters - 2

DC & AC METERS
(PART-II)
5/28/2014
1
RUSAYL INSTITUTE LLC
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.5 DC Ohmmeter
3.6 Introduction to AC meter
3.7 dArsonval meter movement (half-wave
rectification)
3.8 dArsonval meter movement (full-wave
rectification)
3.9 Loading effects of AC meter
5/28/2014 2 RUSAYL INSTITUTE LLC
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Explain the purpose of Ohmmeter
Describe the construction and operation of a
basic Ohmmeter
Describe the operation of half-wave rectifier
circuit
Trace the current path in a full-wave bridge
rectifier circuit
Calculate ac sensitivity and the value of
multiplier resistors for half-wave and full-wave
rectification

3.5 DC OHMETER
The purpose of an Ohmmeter is to measure resistance
Resistance reading is indicated trough a mechanical
meter movement which operates on electric current.
Thus, Ohmmeter must have an internal source of
voltage to create current necessary to operate the
movement.
It also must have an appropriate ranging resistors to
allow just the right amount of current.
A simple Ohmmeter comprises battery and meter
movement as in figure below:

3.5 DC OHMETER

When there is infinite resistance (no continuity between test
leads), there is zero current through the meter movement, and
the needle points toward the far left of the scale.
In this regard, the ohmmeter indication is "backwards" because
maximum indication (infinity) is on the left of the scale, while
voltage and current meters have zero at the left of their scales.

3.5 DC OHMETER
If the test leads of the Ohmmeter are directly shorted together
(measuring zero ), the meter movement will have a maximum
amount of current through it, limited only by the battery voltage
and the movement's internal resistance:
With 9 volts of battery and only 500 of internal movement
resistance, current will be 18mA, which is far beyond the full-
scale rating of the movement will likely damage the meter.

3.5 DC OHMETER
So, to avoid this, add series resistance to the meters circuit so
that the movement just registers full-scale when the test leads are
shorted together

To determine the proper value for R, calculate the R
total
needed to
limit current to only 1mA (full-scale) with 9V of potential from the
battery, then subtract the movement's internal resistance:
9
9
1
total
V V
R k
I mA

500 8.5
total
R R k
3.5 DC OHMETER
Ohmmeters only function correctly when measuring
resistance that is not being powered by a voltage or
current source.
In other words, you cannot measure resistance with an
ohmmeter on a "live" circuit!
The reason for this is simple: the ohmmeter's accurate
indication depends on the only source of voltage being
its internal battery. The presence of any voltage across
the component to be measured will interfere with the
ohmmeter's operation.
If the voltage is large enough, it may even damage the
ohmmeter.

EVALUATION

Find the value of R, scale, scale and
scale of this Ohmmeter?
SUMMARY
In this sub-topic, we have learned about:
Ohmmeters contain internal sources of voltage to
supply power in taking resistance measurements.
An analog ohmmeter scale is "backwards" from that of
a voltmeter or ammeter, the movement needle reading
zero resistance at full-scale and infinite resistance at
rest.
Ohmmeters should never be connected to an
energized circuit (that is, a circuit with its own source of
voltage). Any voltage applied to the test leads of an
ohmmeter will invalidate its reading.


3.6 INTRODUCTION TO AC
METER
Review
Most meters use a moving coil.
A coil of wire to which the pointer is attached is
pivoted between the poles of a permanent magnet.
When a current is present in the coil, it sets up a
magnetic field that interacts with the field of the magnet
to cause the coil to turn.

METER
An ac meter measures ac voltages; a dc meter
measures dc voltages.
The actual scale calibration of commercially made
(ac) voltmeters is almost always in terms of RMS (root
mean square) values useful when variates are positive and
negative, e.g., sinusoids
For sine waves this is satisfactory, and useful since
RMS is the standard measure at power-line frequency.


METER
METER

Half Waveform
Full Waveform
AC Waveform
There are two types of ac meters that will be
discussed.
i) Half-wave rectifier voltmeter
ii) Full-wave rectifier voltmeter


METER
AC Waveforms
3.6 DARSONVAL METER MOVEMENT
(HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION)

Rs
Rm I
m
Im
+
-
Still remember our DC Voltmeter, using dArsonval MM?

To measure ac with dArsonval MM, rectify the ac current by
using a diode rectifier
This process will produce a uni-directional current flow
Several types of diode rectifiers are available: -
copper oxide, vacuum diode, semiconductor diode etc.

The dArsonval meter movement
used in a DC voltmeter
1
dc
fsd
S
I


If we add a diode to a DC Voltmeter, then we have a
meter circuit capable of measuring ac voltage.
R
S
R
m
I
m
+
_

In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of
the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked
Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the
output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer
Half-wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a
one phase supply, or with three diodes in a three-phase supply.
http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-rectify.html

Now, suppose we replace the 10-Vdc with 10Vrms,
what will happen?
The voltage across the MM is just the positive cycle
of the sine wave because of rectifying action of the
diode.
The peak value of the ac sine wave is :

1.414
p rms
V V x

The MM will respond to the average value of sine
wave where the average, or DC value equal to 0.318
times the peak value.
The average value of the AC sine wave is :

2
2 1.414
0.9
p
rms
ave rms
V
xV x
V xV


0.9 9
ave rms
V xV V
Let say V
in
=10V
rms

10 1.414 14.14
p rms
V V x V
Since the diode conducts only during positive half cycle, the
average value over the entire cycle is one half the average value of
9V 4.5V
Therefore, the pointer will deflect for a full scale if 10V dc is
applied and 4.5V when a 10 V
rms
sinusoidal signal is applied
Thus, ac voltmeter is not as sensitive as dc voltmeter

0.45
dc rms
s m m
dc dc
V V
R R R
I I

In order to have a full scale deflection meter when a
10-V
rms
is applied, we have to design the meter with
R
s
having 45% of R
s
of DC Voltmeter.
Since the equivalent DC voltage is 45% of RMS
value, we can write like this:

0.45
dc rms
V xV
EXAMPLE 3.10

Compute the value of R
s
for a 10-V
rms
AC range on
the voltmeter shown in figure below.
Given: E
in
= 10-V
rms
, I
fsd
= 1mA, R
m
=200.
R
S
R
m
I
m
+
_
EXAMPLE 3.11 (solution)

0.45
rms
s m
dc
xV
R R
I

0.45 10
200 4.3
1
x V
k
mA


Commercial AC voltmeter

R
sh
increase current flow through D
1
during the +ve cycle
diode will be operating in linear region
improve linearity of AC meter during measurement of low
voltage, but further reduces the ac sensitivity


Commercial AC voltmeter

D
2

+ve cycle = no effect (Reverse-bias)
-ve cycle = provides an alternate path for reverse biased
leakage current that would normally flow through meter
movement and D
1
.

EXAMPLE 3.11

In the wave rectifier shown below, D1 and D2 have
an average forward resistance of 50 and are assumed
to have an infinite resistance in reverse biased.
Calculate the following:
(a) R
s
value
(b) S
ac
(c) S
dc

Given that E
in
= 10-V
rms
, R
sh
= 200, I
fs
= Im=100A, R
m
= 200
R
s
Rm
D2
D1
R
sh
E
in
I
T
I
sh
I
m
EXAMPLE 3.11(solution)

SUMMARY

dArsonval MM can be used to measure both DC
and AC current/ voltages.
The MM will respond to the average value of sine
wave where the average, or DC value equal to 0.318
times the peak value.
S
ac
= 0.45S
dc
(FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION)

It is more desirable to use a full-wave rectifier in AC
voltmeters because it shows higher sensitivity rating
compared to wave rectifier.
The most frequently used circuit for full-wave
rectification is the bridge-type rectifier, as shown below


D1
D2
D3
D4
R
s
V
in
R
m
I
fs
Vout
Figure 2: Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier used in an AC voltmeter
Positive cycle
Current flows from V
in
trough D2, trough the MM from
positive to negative, then trough D3.
Negative cycle
Current flows from V
in
trough D4, trough the MM from
positive to negative, then trough D1.


Even though the polarity of V
in
changes in every
cycle, the direction of current that flows through
MM does not change.
Since current flows through MM on both cycles,
then the deflection of MM will be greater compared
to wave rectification.

EXAMPLE 3.12

For the circuit below, given V
in
= 10Vrms, R
m
= 250
and I
fs
= 1mA. Calculate:
a) V
p

b) V
ave

c) S
dc

d) S
ac

e) Rs

D1
D2
D3
D4
R
s
V
in
R
m
I
fs
Vout

a) Vp = 1.414 x Vrms = 1.414 x 10V = 14.14V

b) Vave = 0.9 x Vrms = 0.9 x 10V = 9V

c) Sdc = 1 / Ifsd = 1 / 1mA = 1k/V

d) Sac = 0.9 x Sdc = 0.9 x 1k/V 0.9k/V

e) Rs = Sac x range Rm = 0.9k/V x 10V -250
= 8.75
EXAMPLE 3.13

For the circuit below, given that V
in
= 10Vrms,
R
m
=500, I
fs
= 1mA, R
sh
=500, average forward
resistance of 50 and infinite reverse resistance of
each diode, calculate the following:
a) the multiplier, R
s

b) the ac sensitivity, S
ac

c) the dc sensitivity S
dc.
D1
D2
D3
D4
R
s
V
in
R
m
I
fs
R
sh
3.9 LOADING EFFECTS OF AC
METER

As already being discussed, the sensitivity of
AC Voltmeters, using either wave or Full
wave rectification, is always less than the
sensitivity of the DC Voltmeters.
Therefore, the loading effect of an AC
Voltmeter is always greater than that
of a DC Voltmeter.

3.9 LOADING EFFECTS OF AC
METER
a) Determine the reading obtained with DC voltmeter at R
B
when
the switch is set at point A.
b) Determine the reading at the same R
B
using wave and
Full wave rectifier AC meter respectively when the switch
is set at point B.
Given that Ifs = 100-mA and set at 10-V dc or rms range.

R
B
E =20V
R
A
10k
5.5k
AC
20Vrms
A B

THANK YOU!!

Ac DC Meters - 2

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DC & AC METERS

5/28/2014 16 RUSAYL INSTITUTE LLC

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