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What is
intelligence?
■ The ability to learn or understand
or to deal with …. New…
situations….
■ The ability to apply knowledge…..
Or to think abstractly……
What is A.I?
■ Branch of computer science that
deals with intelligent behavior,
learning and adaptation in
machines……
■ Man behind A.I

JOHN MC CARTHY
Big Questions
■ Can machines think?
■ If so, how?
■ If not, why not?
■ What does this say about human
beings?
■ What does this say about the
mind?
■ And if we can make machines
think, should we?
Overview of
Artificial
Intelligence
■ Artificial intelligence (AI)
◆ Computers with the ability to mimic or
duplicate the functions of the human brain
■ Artificial intelligence systems
◆ The people, procedures, hardware,
software, data, and knowledge needed to
develop computer systems and machines
that demonstrate the characteristics of
intelligence
Continued….
■ Intelligent behavior
◆ Learn from experience
◆ Apply knowledge acquired from experience
◆ Handle complex situations
◆ Solve problems when important information is
missing
◆ Determine what is important
◆ React quickly and correctly to a new situation
◆ Understand visual images
◆ Process and manipulate symbols
◆ Be creative and imaginative
◆ Use heuristics
 Foundations of
AI
Computer
Science &
Engineering
Mathematics Philosophy

Economics
AI Biology

Psychology Cognitive Linguistics

Science
Main Goals of AI
■ Represent and store knowledge
■ Retrieve and reason about
knowledge
■ Behave intelligently in complex
environments
■ Develop interesting and useful
applications
■ Interact with people, agents, and the
environment
 Typical AI Problems
■ Intelligent entities (or “agents”) need to be able to do both “mundane” and
“expert” tasks:
■ Mundane tasks - consider going shopping:
◆ Planning a route, and sequence of shops to visit!
◆ Recognising (through vision) buses, people.
◆ Communicating (through natural language).
◆ Navigating round obstacles on the street, and manipulating objects for
purchase.
■ Expert tasks are things like:
◆ medical diagnosis.
◆ equipment repair.
■ Often “mundane” tasks are the hardest.
Philosophical Issues
■ What is intelligence?
■ Can a machine be truly “intelligent”? Is there more to human

intelligence than rules, data and calculations?

Tests:
■ Turing Test: Can someone tell which is the machine, when

communicating to human and to a machine in another room? If not,

can we call the machine intelligent?
■ Chinese room: Searle says no. Describes a thought experiment

where talk in Chinese by looking up what to say from huge rule book.
■ Loebner contest: Contest for most human-like conversation system.
 Major Branches
of AI
◆ Perceptive system
✦ A system that approximates the way a human

sees, hears, and feels objects

◆ Vision system
✦ Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and

pictures
◆ Robotics
✦ Mechanical and computer devices that perform

tedious tasks with high precision

◆ Expert system
✦ Stores knowledge and makes inferences
 Continued…..
◆ Learning system
✦ Computer changes how it functions or reacts

to situations based on feedback

◆ Natural language processing
✦ Computers understand and react to

statements and commands made in a

“natural” language, such as English
◆ Neural network
✦ Computer system that can act like or

simulate the functioning of the human brain

 Specialized
languages
■ IPL- ‘information processing language’
combined elements of IPL with the
lambda calculus produces the
programming language LISP.
■ LISP- programming language designed
for easy manipulation of data strings.
■ PROLOG- A general purpose language
often associated with AI and
computational linguistics.
Applications…….
Natural language
processing
■ Give machines the ability to read
and understand the languages
human being speak. Some straight
forward applications of NLP
include information retrieval and
machine translation.
■ Speech recognition is a technology that
allows the computer to identify and understand
words spoken by a person using a microphone
or telephone. The ultimate goal of the
technology is to be able to produce a system
that can recognize with 100% accuracy all
words that are spoken by any person.
■ Now you can speak to your computer and it speak
back. In other words you can just ask your
computer how he/she is feeling? Rather you can
talk to your computer using a set of predefined
commands and instructions (i.e. a script). Your
computer will respond in a same way that is in
scripted language.
■ For example, you can say “ FILE OPEN”, and the
computer will respond: “Select the File”. Or you
can say: “ EDIT find” and the computer would ask:
“ FIND what”?
■ Voice dictation is integrate into the e- speaking
application including this 26 different dictation
voice commands.

■ Speaking is easier and more intuitive than

selecting buttons and menu items.
 SOFTWARES
Available:
■ Dragon naturally speaking
■ App
■ XVoice speech recognition
■ Open mind speech
■ IVOS
■ Speechvibe 2.0.4
■ Fake voice 1.691
■ Tetris

■ Tic Tac Toe

■ Computer chess

■ Age of empires and many more….

 Facial recognition
system
■ A facial recognition system is a
computer application for
automatically identifying or verifying
a person from a digital image or a
video frame from a video source.
One of the ways to do this is by
comparing selected facial features
from the image and a facial database
.
■ It is typically used in security
systems and can be compared to
other biometrics such as fingerprint
or eye iris recognition systems
 Handwriting
recognition…….
■ Handwriting recognition is the
ability of a computer to receive and
interpret intelligible handwritten input
from sources such as paper
documents, photographs,
touch-screens and other devices. The
image of the written text may be
sensed "off line" from a piece of
paper by optical scanning (
optical character recognition) or
intelligent word recognition.
Alternatively, the movements of the
pen tip may be sensed "on line", for
example by a pen-based computer
screen surface.
 High Performance
Fighter Aircraft
■ In these programs, speech
recognizers have been operated
successfully in fighter aircraft with
applications including: setting radio
frequencies, commanding an auto
pilot system, setting steer point
coordinates and weapons releases
parameters and controlling flight
displays.
Expert
Systems……
Examples….
■ MYCIN
■ DENDRAL
■ XCON
■ EXPERTAX
■ ONCOCIN
■ NEUNGINEER
■ Robotics is the engineering science and
technology of robots, and their design,
manufacture, application, and structural
disposition. Robotics is related to electronics,
mechanics, and software.
■ The science or study of the technology
associated with the design, fabrication, theory,
and application of robots
■ A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent.
In practice, it is usually an
electro-mechanical machine which is guided by
computer or electronic programming, and is thus
able to do tasks on its own. Another common
characteristic is that by its appearance or
movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it
has intent or agency of its own.
Applications…..
■ Outer space
■ Military
■ Hospitals
■ Farms
■ Disaster areas
■ Entertainment
 The Future?
■ Idea of Artificial Intelligence
is being replaced by
Artificial life, or anything
with a form or body.

■ The consensus among

scientists is that a
requirement for life is that it
has an embodiment in
some physical form, but this
will change. Programs may
not fit this requirement for
life yet.
Should we start caring
yet?
■ Very sophisticated—perhaps even sentient—AI
may not be far off; with sufficient computation
power (such as that offered by quantum
computers) it is possible to “evolve” AI without
much programming effort.
■ Today, concerns include mutating viruses and
the reliability of AI (you don’t want software
directing your car into a tree).
What should happen
■ When programs that appear to demonstrate sentience
appear (intelligence and awareness), a panel of
scientists could be assembled to determine if a particular
program is sentient or not.
■ If sentient, it will be given rights, so, in general,
companies will try to avoid developing sentient AI since
they would not be able to indiscriminately exploit it.
■ Software companies should be made legally responsible
for failings of software that result in damage to third
parties despite good-faith attempts at control by the user.
■ AI and robotics have the potentially to truly revolutionize
the economy by replacing labor with capital, allowing
greater production—it deserves a corresponding share
of research funding!
And what is going to
happen…
■ Most people are willing to torture and kill intelligent animals like
cows just for a tastier lunch—why would they hesitate to exploit
artificial life?
■ This is further compounded mainstream religious beliefs
■ Even with laws, any individual with sufficient computing power
could “evolve” AI without much programming.
■ Licensing agreements will continue to allow careless companies
to often escape responsibility for faulty software.
■ Bottom line: ethical considerations will be ignored; reform—if it
happens—will only take place when the economic costs
become too high.