Fisología de La Digestion en Rumiantes

FISOLOGA DE LA DIGESTION EN
RUMIANTES
Dr. Nelson Duchi D., PhD.
29/05/2014 Dr. Nelson Duchi D., PhD.
Basic Functional Anatomy
of the Digestive System

Ruminants
Digestive Tract Beef Cattle
Esophagus
Rumen
Omasum
Reticulum
Abomasum
Pancreas
Liver
Gall
bladder
Cecum
Small intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum


Organs of the Digestive System
Ruminants
Mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small
intestine, and large intestine have functions similar
to monogastrics.
Stomach
Structure and function of the stomach is the major
difference between monogastrics and ruminants.
Multi-compartmented stomach rumen, reticulum,
omasum, abomasum.






Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
Reticulum:
Contains microorganisms (like the rumen).

Provides additional area for fermentation.

As fermentation by microorganisms proceed and
feedstuffs are digested, smaller and more dense material is
pushed into the reticulum (from which it along with
microbe-laden liquid is ejected into the omasum).

Reticulum (continued):

Lining has a honeycomb structure.
Catches and holds hardware
consumed by animal.
Hardware can be removed with rumen
magnate.
Reticulum - full
Reticulum - cleaned


Rumen:
Large, anaerobic fermentation vat.
Rumen Capacity
Species Normal capacity Maximum capacity
Cow (1000 lb) 25-30 gallons
55-60 gallons
Ewe (150 lb) 3-5 gallons
5-10 gallons
29/05/2014
Dr. Nelson Duchi D., PhD.
Rumen (continued):

Houses microorganisms.
Protozoa 100,000 per gram of rumen fluid.
Bacteria/fungi 100 million per gram of rumen fluid.

Functions of microorganisms.
Digest roughages to make Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs), make
microbial protein, and make vitamins K and B-complex.

VFAs absorbed in rumen.
Rumen (continued):

Lined with millions of
papillae (short projections
on wall of rumen) needed
for absorption.
Shag carpet appearance
Papillae in Rumen
Papillae in Rumen
Taken from Digestive Physiology of Herbivores
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/
Rumen (continued):
Rumen saturated with
gases and in constant
motion.
Contractions occur at a
rate of 1-3 per minute.
Serve to mix contents, aid in
eructation of gases, and
move fluid and fermented
feedstuffs into the omasum.





Rumination:
Ruminants are well known for cud chewing.

Rumination involves:
Bolus of previously eaten foodstuff carried back into the mouth by
reverse peristalsis.
Fluid in bolus is squeezed out with the tongue and reswallowed.
Bolus is rechewed and reswallowed.
Rumination may occupy about 1/3 of
a ruminants day


Eructation (belching):
Fermentation of foodstuffs in the rumen generates
enormous quantities of gas.
30-50 liters per hour in adult cattle.
5-7 liters per hour in adult sheep or goats.

Belching is how ruminants get rid of fermentation gases:
Anything that causes a hindrance to belching can be life
threatening.
Bloating can result in death from asphyxiation.

Omasum:
A heavy, hard organ with a lining
that has many folds (leaves).
Function not well understood.
Believed to produce a grinding
action on foodstuffs.
May absorb residual VFAs and
bicarbonate.
Omasum - full


Abomasum:
The true, glandular stomach.
Secretes acids and functions very
similarly to monogastric stomach.
Unique feature is that it secretes
lysozyme.
Enzyme that efficiently breaks down
bacterial cell walls.
Needed to break down the large
quantities of bacteria that pass from the
rumen.
Abomasum inside view
Small Intestine - where most of the food material
is absorbed into the bloodstream
Contains three sections:
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
The food material is continually squeezed as
it is moved through the small intestine,
becoming more solid.
The majority of the food material absorption
occurs in the duodenum and the jejunum.
FUNCIONES GASTROINTESTINALES


Large Intestine - begins to prepare unused food
material for removal from the body
a portion of the large intestine in some
animals contain pouches that may contain
enzymes for further species-specific digestion
(horses and rabbits (cecum)).
Colon - collects the unused food material that is to
be removed from the body
Rectum - poop chute
Anus - opening through which the waste is
removed.
Controlled by sphincter muscles, that also help
protect the opening.
Digestive Process - Ruminants
Nonprotein N (NPN) Feed
proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Cellulose Starches
Hemicellulose Sugars
Microbial protein
(essential AA)
Volatile fatty
acids (VFAs)
VFAs
RUMEN/
RETICULUM
RUP
Microbial protein
Peptides
OMASUM
ABOMASUM
SMALL
INTESTINE
Peptides
Amino acids
Fats
Fatty acids &
glycerol
Glucose
Glucose
R
U
P

LIVER
Glucose
= microbial action; = main site of absorption = some absorption RDP = rumen degraded protein; RUP = rumen undegraded protein;









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FISOLOGA DE LA DIGESTION EN

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