CH 10

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

1
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

2
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL REVIEW
MODIFICATION TO THE PERRY
ROBERTSON APPROACH
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
STEPS IN DESIGN
CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPES
BASE PLATES
CONCLUDING REMARKS


3

INTRODUCTION
Review of the behaviour of columns
subjected to axial compressive loading:
Very short columns fail by yielding under axial
compression.
Very long columns fail by buckling in
the Euler mode.
Practical columns generally fail by inelastic
buckling and do not conform to the assumptions
made in Eulers theory.


4

INTRODUCTION
Dominant factors affecting ultimate
strength of columns subjected to axial
compressive loading:

Slenderness ratio (/r)

Material yield stress (f
y
)


5

INTRODUCTION
Dominant factors affecting ultimate
strength of practical columns:
Initial imperfection
Eccentricity of loading
Residual stresses
Lack of defined yield point
Strain hardening

6

INTRODUCTION
x
Typical column design curve
o
c

f
y

Test data (x) from collapse tests
on practical columns
Euler curve
Design curve
Slenderness (/r)
x
x
x x

x
x
x
x

x
x
x x
x

x x

x x
x x

200

100
50 100 150

7
HISTORICAL REVIEW
PERRY ROBERTSON EQUATION
c e c e c y
f o o q o o o = ) ( ) (

8
INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES
Rolled beam

C
C
Welded box
T

T

T

T
T
C
C
C
C
T
T
T
C
T
C
T
C C
Rolled column
C

Distribution of residual stresses
T
C
C
T

9
MODIFICATION TO THE PERRY ROBERTSON APPROACH
Types of columns sections:

universal column (UC) sections.
Circular hollow section (CHS).
Rectangular hollow sections (RHS).
Angle sections.
Universal beams (UB).


10
Heavily welded section:
Residual stresses due to welding are
very high and can be of greater consequence
in reducing the ultimate capacity of
compression members.

The British Code recommends that the design
strength values be reduced by 20 N/mm
2
.


11
o
c

f
y

Euler curve
Design curve with o = 0.003
200

100
50 100 150
Robertsons Design Curve

12
BS: 5950 Part-1 recommends the
following effective lengths for design
purposes.

Column pin-ended at both ends :
e
= 1.0

Column pin-ended at one end
and fixed at the other :
e
= 0.85

Column fixed at both ends :
e
= 0.7


13
Column fixed at one end and
on roller support at the other :
e
= 1.2

Column fixed at one end and
free at the other :
e
= 2.0

(Note: These values are NOT the same as those
contained in IS: 800-1984. For the second and third
boundary conditions IS: 800-1984 suggests 0.80 and
0.65 respectively.)


14
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Design steps:
Assume a suitable trial section.
Arrive at the effective length of the column.
Calculate the slenderness ratios.
y
f
E
t 2 . 0
0
=

15
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED
COLUMNS
Calculate o
e
values along both major and minor
axes.

Calculate q = [( -
0
)o],

Calculate | and o
c
.

Compute the load that the compression member
can resist (o
c
A).

Check.


16
CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPES FOR COMPRESSION
AND BUILT-UP SECTION
Rolled steel sections

Built -up or fabricated members


17
Rolled steel sections

(a) Single Angle
(b) Double Angle
(c) Tee
(d) Channel
(e) Hollow Circular
Section (CHS)
(f) Rectangular Hollow
Section (RHS)
Cross Section Shapes for Rolled Steel Compression Members

18
Built -up or fabricated compression members
(b) Box Section (c) Box Section
(d) Plated I Section (e) Built - up I Section (f) Built-up Box Section

(a) Box Section
Fig 7: Cross Section Shapes for Built -
up or fabricated Compression Members

19
Design considerations for laced and battened
columns
(a) Single Lacing
(b) Double Lacing (c) Battens
Built-up column members

20
Design considerations for laced and battened
columns
The strength of the battened column is
evaluated from

( ) ( )
e y
2
e b y e b y
c
f
2
1 f
2
1 f
+ +
+ +
=

21
Base plates for concentrically
loaded columns

Anchor
bolts
Concrete
footing
Angle
Column base plates
Anchor bolt
Anchor Bolt
(a)
(b)

22
Base plates for concentrically loaded
columns
Procedure for Design of a slab base plate
for axial load only (pinned connection):

Determine the factored axial load and
shear at the column base.


23
columns
Decide on the number and type of holding
down bolts to resist shear and tension.
Maximum allowable bearing
strength = 0.4 f
cu

Determine base plate thickness t;


24
columns
For I, H, channel, box or RHS columns
But not less than the thickness of the flange of the
supported column.
( )
2 2
3 . 0
5 . 2
b a
f
w
t
yp
=

25
columns
w = pressure in N/mm
2
on underside of
plate, assuming a uniform distribution.
a = larger plate projection from column
b = smaller plate projection from column
f
yp
= design strength of plate, but not
greater than 250 N/mm
2
divided by
m


26
columns
Base plates subjected to concentric forces
a
b
b
2
t
f

t
f
a t
f1

t
f2


27
columns
Check for adequacy of weld.
Select weld size.
check shear stress on weld .


28
columns
Vector sum of all the stresses carried by the
weld must not exceed p
w,
the design strength,
of the weld.
Check for bolt. Check maximum co-existent
factored shear and tension, if any, on the
holding down bolts.
Check the bolts for adequacy.


29
Design of columns using multiple column curves
is discussed
Additional provision required for accounting for
heavily welded sections are detailed.
Built-up fabricated members frequently employed
are discussed in detail.
Design guidance is provided for laced/battened
columns.
Effective lengths for various end conditions are
listed
A simple method of designing a base plate for an
axially loaded column is proposed.
CONCLUSION

30
THANK YOU

CH 10

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Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

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