10-10-2011 SLIDE 01 Research Design 1

Lecture Slide 01 :
Research Methodology
Narsito

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Gadjah Mada University
Jogjakarta
Introduction
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What is scientific research?
Scientific research is a systematic consecutive process to
solve problems using scientific method, with an objective
to find explanation (theoretical description) governing
the problem(s).
A scientific research is usually directed to meet the
following objective(s) :
(i) finding new explanation (theoretical description),
related to the problem(s) being investigated.
(ii) examining, applying and/or developing existing
explanation (theoretical description), related to the
problem(s) being investigated.

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Scientific Method
What is the scientific method?
The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to
the solution of a scientific problem.
It includes several steps, i.e. : problem identification,
hypothesis development, design and carry out steps or
procedures to test the hypothesis, and documenting
observations and findings to share with someone else in
order to develop theories.
In other words, it is a way to solve a problem.
The scientific method is a tool that helps scientists to
solve problems and determine answers to questions in a
logical format (or framework).
It provides step-by-step directions to help us work
through the problems, called the formal steps of
scientific method :
1. Observations
2. Problem Identification
3. Hypothesis Formulation
4. Experiments : Design & Execution
5. Conclusions
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Scientific Method
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What is CHEMISTRY?

CHEMISTRY IS THE SCIENCE OF MATTERS
AND THEIR CHANGES, RELATED TO :
- Structure
- Composition
- Properties
- Energy
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY :
is the study of organic compounds and
their reactions, related to structure,
composition, properties, and energy.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY :
is the study of inorganic compounds and
their reactions, related to structure,
composition, properties, and energy.
CHEMISTRY
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
& BIOCHEMISTRY

The Scope of Chemistry :

ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY


PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY

THEORETICAL DEVICES EXPERIMENTAL DEVICES
Physical Chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic,
subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical
systems in terms of physical laws and concepts.
Physical chemistry applies the principles, practices and
concepts of physics, especially thermodynamics,
quantum mechanics and dynamics.
Physical chemistry deals with physical principles and
concepts related to bulk rather than to molecular/atomic
structure alone; for example, chemical equilibrium and
kinetics.
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation,
identification, and quantification of chemical components
of natural and artificial materials.
Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of
the chemical species in the sample and
Quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or
more of these components. The separation of
components is often performed prior to analysis.
Analytical methods can be classified into : (1) classical
methods and (2) instrumental methods :

CLASSICAL METHODS (also known as wet chemistry
methods) use separations such as precipitation,
extraction, and distillation and qualitative analysis by
color, odor, or melting point. Quantitative analysis is
achieved by measurement of weight or volume.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS use an apparatus to
measure physical quantities of the analytes such as light
absorption, fluorescence, or conductivity. The separation
of materials is accomplished using chromatography or
electrophoresis methods.
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ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY


PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY

THEORETICAL
DEVICES
EXPERIMENTAL
DEVICES

EXPERIMENTAL
FACTS & OBSERVATION


THEORETICAL
EXPLANATION

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Kornhauser (1981)
It is not chemistry if we only learn theories
without facts.

It is not science if we learn only facts without
learning theories.

In chemistry, theories must not replace facts, but
they should explain them.
Knowledge and Science
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Alchemy
The Kowledge of Observation
How did alchemist lay the groundwork for chemistry?
Alchemists developed the tools and
techniques for working with
chemicals.
Alchemists developed processes for
separating mixtures and purifying
chemicals.
They designed equipment that is
still in use today including beakers,
flasks, tongs, funnels, and the
mortar and pestle.
Mortar and Pestle
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Chemistry
A Science of Measurement
How does Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
Lavoisier transform chemistry
from a knowledge of observation
to the science of measurement
that it is today.
Lavoisier designed a balance that
could measure mass to the
nearest 0.0005 gram.
He also showed that oxygen is
required for a material to burn.
Lavoisiers Laboratory : After
reconstruction
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What do scientists do?

Scientists have to take the time to think logically when
they are investigating a scientific problem.
Scientists have to break things down into many steps
that make sense.
Scientists have to develop a question, gather
information and formulate a hypothesis.
Scientists have to create and conduct experiments in
order to test their hypothesis.
Scientists have to share their experiments and findings
with others.
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What is the key of scientific
experiments?
A key to experiments is observing what happens and
writing it down. Gathering information or data and
documenting it so it is readable and makes sense to
others is really important.
Once a scientist completes an experiment, they often
repeat it to see if they get the same findings and
results. This is really what often called verification (or
checking things out) to make sure that everything was
valid and will happen again and again.
That is why scientists have to share their experiments
and findings with others. In that way, scientists can
learn from each other and often use someone elses
experiences to help them with what they are studying.

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Scientific Method : Practical Steps
THINK LAST
DO IT AFTERWARD
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Steps of Scientific Method
Problem
Hypothesis
Search
Experiment
Design & Execution
Conclusions
Observation
THINK FIRST
Design
Inductive
Analysis
Inductive
Analysis
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The Scientific World
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Scientific Method in The Development of Science
Question
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Scientific Laws :

A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes and
generalized the results of many observations and
experiments. It doesnt try only to explain, but it describes,
the relationship. An explanation requires a theory.
Scientific Theories :
Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experiments,
it may become a theory.
A Scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of
observations.
A Scientific theory may need to be changed (revised) at some
point in the future to explain other new observations or
experimental results.
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The Scientific Method :
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Monographs
Textbooks
Handbooks
Annual Reports
Encyclopedies
Periodicals : Original Papers, Review Papers
Seminar Proceedings : Papers & Posters
Scientific Works: Research Reports, Thesis




Scientific World
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EGYPT
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EGYPT
CHINA
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CHINA EUROPE
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CHINA EUROPE AMERICA
Thank You