1

Electric shock

Electric fire & explosion

Electric flash

Electric burns
2
It is sudden & accidental stimulation of the
bodys nervous system by electric current.
It is the result of passage of electric
current through the human body.
3
Duration of flow (Time)
Amount of current (Ampere)
Path of flow of current
a. hand to Hand
b. Hand to Foot
c. Foot to Foot
Type of energy
4





5
Body area resistance (ohms)
Dry skin 1,00,000 to 6,00,000
Wet skin 1000
Internal body -
Hand foot


400 to 600
Ear to ear


(about) 100
I = V / R
= 230 / 100000 A (Dry Condition)
= 0.0023 A
= 2.3 mA
I = 230 / 5000 (Wet Condition)
= 0.046 A
= 46 mA
POWER
SOURCE
Person
in touch
with
live wire
P
N
Basic Electrical Safety
Have You Ever Been Shocked?
THE BASICS




EFFECT ON HUMAN
50Hz



Shock, Let go border line
of painful shock, Muscles
still under control
<= 10 mA
>= 10 mA


Muscle control affected 15 mA


Breathing difficulties start 20 mA


Severe shock & possible
death due to rapid,
uncoordinated series of
contraction of heart
muscles causing irregular
heart beat & possible
death

50 mA

> 3 sec.


By simultaneously touching the phase and
neutral conductor thus completing the
circuit through his body
9
R
Y
B
N
LOAD HAVING
METALLIC BODY
ALTERNATOR
2. By touching the phase conductor and
standing on the ground
10
N
ELEC. EQPT.HAVING
METALLIC BODY
ALTERNATOR
R
Y
B
3. By touching a metallic part that has become
live by itself being in contact with an
energised wire
11
N
ELEC. EQPT.HAVING
METALLIC BODY
ALTERNATOR
R
Y
B
Isolation

Current limitation

Low voltage

Double insulation

Earthing
12
All electrical equipment should be isolated
from accidental contact & approach by
unauthorised men by providing
barrier.(Danger Sign)

Panel boards, generators, large motors,
batteries should be enclosed

Low & medium voltage OH lines should be
kept 19 above the ground
13
The switches should be connected in phase only
The switches should be easy and free to operate
Body of the metallic switches should be earthed
Every DB should be provided with a switch
It is advisable to keep switch as near as possible to
the work-place
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P
N
POWER
SOURCE
If switch is connected in neutral, the person, who repairs
the equipment, could get shock though the supply is cut
using the switch.
15
24V hand lamps.

By earthing the mid point of a single phase transformer, the
line to earth voltages are reduced to 115V while the full
supply(230) is available to the apparatus.
CENTRE TAPPED
TRANSFORMER
230V
115V
16
Another insulation added.
Double insulated power tools have non-metallic
body
Need not be earthed (two point plug is sufficient)
Insulation
Functional Protective
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Site requirements
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Check in General for
Neutral earthing (In case of DG)
Protective shed
Body earthing
Earth pit for body earthing
Earth resistance
Fuses
Loose connection of cable
Housekeeping
Fire extinguisher and type (CO
2
)
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ELCB
63 A
30 mA
Sub Distribution Board
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21
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PLUG TOPS
HAND TOOL
METALLIC BODY
Plug tops should be used to avoid shock danger.

Three point plug in case of metallic body hand
tools and two point plug in case of double
insulated hand tools.
Damaged/Broken case
Ground prong
missing on three-
prong plugs.
Some tools are
double insulated
and wont have a
ground prong.
Thats OK.
Damaged Cord
Outer Sheath
Broken
Portable Electric Tools -Things to look for
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NEUTRAL EARTHING EQUIPMENT EARTHING
25
26
27
28
29
x x
SECTION X - X
12 HOLE
STRIP
2
0
0

EARTH LEAD EARTH LEAD
4
GROUND LEVEL
BRICK IN LIME
OR CEMENT
FUNNEL
229 338
229
305
RCC SLAB (WITH IDENTIFICATION
MARKING)
CHARCOAL OR COKE IN
POWDER FORM MIXED
WITH SALT & CLAY
38 NB
GI PIPE
2700mm LONG
2500 (MIN.)
150 150
NOTE: SUFFICIENT WATER TO BE
POURED INTO SUMP TO KEEP
SOIL SURROUNDING EARTH PIPE
PERMANENTALY MOIST
D
R
G

N
O
.


S
T
D
/
G
R
D
/
0
2
4

Fuses are proven safety devices for overload
conditions
Check the fuses for their current ratings
Never replace fuse wire with ordinary
copper or aluminium wire
High rupturable cartridge (HRC) fuses are
now a days easily available and has
advantages over traditional fuses
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T
EQUIPMENT
N
L
CORE BALANCE
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
I2
I1
ELCB WORKING PRINCIPLE
Ip
No fault Condition I
1
= I
2

Fault Condition I
1
> I
2
(I
1
= I
2
+ I
P
)
Tripping Condition I
P
> 30 mA
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ELCB
(EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER)
For portable power tools power supply is taken through
ELCB
Saves persons from electric shock
It opens the circuit when it senses leakage current from
earth.
ELCB
SWITCH
BOX
POWER
SUPPLY
Person in
touch with
faulty eqpt.
Having
elec.
Charges on
its body
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For portable power tools power supply should
be taken through ELCB
ELCBs OF 30 mA sensitivity , 63Amps, 3
poles
Test the ELCB weekly and record it.
Selection of improper/substandard equipment
and materials.
Electrical installation not in accordance with
statutory regulations.
Overloading of equipment.
Maintenance negligence.
Failure of insulation level.
Damage due to rodents, termites and pests.
Lightning.
Water seepage.
Static electricity.
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Chief causes are pushing of fuses inside
switches, explosion due to short circuit
inside switches, pressing of cables of
portable machines & damage to hand lamp
cables
Devices have been provided to protect
injuries due to above causes. High
rupturable capacity fuses are enclosed type.
Covers are sealed and mechanically
interlocked
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1. BURNS FROM ELECTRIC FLASH &
2. BURNS FROM ELECTRIC HEAT
Electric
Burn
Electric
Burn
It is the result of the breaking of circuit of
electric current
Higher the current, slower the rate of separation
of parts, the greater is the flash
It is the result of arcing
Being a known hazard sufficient preventive
measures are taken to guard against it like
magnetic blow out coil & arc chutes
Electric flash generally affect the eyes, if a
person sees it with his naked eyes. Personal
protective equipment has to be used
37
All electrical cables should be run either
overhead (7 feet) or underground
Cable routing layout map to be prepared so
that it does not cause tripping hazards
Welding and power cables not to be
overlapped
38
Single phase supply
Phase - red
Neutral - black
Earth - green
Three phase supply
Phases
Red
Yellow
Blue
Neutral - black
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PROTECTING CABLES FROM
DAMAGES

Protection against mechanical damages

Protection against heat

Cables should be laid away from welding
cables
Staggered joints





Joints are not to be overlapped
One primary insulation and an overall secondary
insulation is to be done
Proper insulation tape are to be used
Jointing kit

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CABLE 1
CABLE 2
3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4
Only 24V hand lamps are to be used
Hand lamps are to be enclosed by glass
surrounded by metal wire mesh
Hand lamps used for confined space work
should be of all insulated type with no joints
42
Employ qualified electrician, preferably B
license holders
Identification of the electrician - red
helmet
43
Weekly ELCB check register

Lockout / Tagout

Permit system (HT/LT De-
Energization/Energization)
44
Using Lock Out - Tag Out (LOTO) the
most effective way to protect against
electrical hazards
Employ qualified electrician, preferably B
license holders
Display electrical equipment & cable
routing layout (Excavation Permit)
All electrical installation to be tested &
commissioned as per BIS codes.
All DBs should be covered
Earthing of all electrical installations
Regular maintenance
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Records to be maintained, ELCB
Display caution boards
Provide ELCB for portable
equipment
24 V hand lamp
Follow rules and regulations
Follow safety measures
Adopt protective system
Insulation
Regular inspection
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
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Be aware of overhead exposed energized
equipment such as overhead lines, cords,
or overhead crane rails.


Minimum approach distance to overhead
lines below 72,500 volts is 10 feet.
Look Up and Stay Alive!
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN PLANT
DESIGN
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HAZARDOUS AREA:
Any atmosphere containing any flammable gas
or vapour in a concentration capable of ignition
is a hazardous atmosphere. Hazardous area is
that where this type of atmosphere is likely to
occur in sufficient quantity during normal
operation

So in hazardous area there is a risk of explosion
due to the formation of an explosive mixture of
air with gas or vapour of a flammable liquid.
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HAZARDOUS ZONES CLASSIFICATION

As per Indian standard IS 5572 (part I) -1978, the
hazardous areas have been classified into Zones
based upon the frequency of the appearance and the
duration of an explosive gas atmosphere.
Continuous Hazard : Hazard is present continuously or for
longer periods : Say More than 1000 hours/annum : Zone 0
Division 0

Intermittent hazard : Hazard is likely to be present
periodically or occasionally during normal conditions : Say 10
to1000 hours/annum : Zone 1 Division 1

Hazard under abnormal condition : Hazard is not likely to
be present during normal conditions (only under abnormal
conditions): Say 0.1 to 10 hours/annum : Zone 2 Division 2
In practice, following types of protection are
applicable to electric equipment :
ZONE - O
1. INTRINSIC SAFE EQUIPMENT (SYMBOL Ex-i)
ZONE - 1
2. PRESSURIZED APPARATUS (SYMBOL Ex-p)
3. FLAMEPROOF ENCLOSURE (SYMOBL Ex-d)
4. OIL IMMERSED EQUIPMENT (SYMBOL Ex-o)
5. SAND PROTECTED EQUIPMENT (SYMBOL Ex-q)
ZONE - 2
6. INCREASED SAFETY (SYMBOL Ex-e)
7. NON-SPARKING PROTECTION (SYMBOLE Ex-n)
ENCLOSURE AND THEIR DESCRIPTION
REMEMBER

The results of a mistake with electrical energy occur at
speed of light. There is not time to react after the error
is made.
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