Cloud Computingxc

Cloud Computing: Different
Perspectives
Will Venters
utilitycomputing.wordpress.com pegasus.lse.ac.uk

Cloud Computing
Gartner: a style of computing where
massively scalable IT-related capabilities are
provided as a service using Internet
technologies to multiple external customers

This elasticity of resources, without paying a
premium for large scale, is unprecedented in
the history of IT (Armbrust et al 2009).

Werner Vogels:
CTO/VP of Amazon : This
misses Pay per use and
on demand
The cloud
service provider

Different styles of offering

Profit Models
Google Model: Produce it and they will come
Value out of meta-information mining reality
Advertising
Pay-per-use
Licensing
Managed Service
Aligned products - value-add

Cloud Providers: IaaS / PaaS
Aim for high utilisation ...
Multi-tenanted and so large data centres.
Benefit from Economies of Scale.
Must load-balance across
industries/applications (electricity utilities)...
Profit by statistical multiplexing of services.
Must provide requisite SLA.
The Corporate / Government

Nature of Corporate Computing
Lots of servers (e.g. Government has ~9000 server rooms)
Low server utilisation.
Silos of application stacks and much replication.
Software licence issues and costly procurement.
70% to 80% of their budgets go to maintenance (Rittig
2007).
Capital Expenditure harder to justify in current economy
than operating expenditure.

But McKinsey notes typical data-centers can operate at
lower cost than required to outsource to Amazon EC2.


Hollowing out IT Departments
In the long run the IT department is
unlikely to survive, at least not in its
familiar form. It will have little left
to do once the bulk of business
computing shifts out of private date-
centres and into the cloud.
Business units and even individual
employees will be able to control the
processing of information directly,
without the legions of technical
specialists
(N.Carr 2009 p118)


Costs: entry, ongoing, exit (Stallmans trap lock-
in/interoperability).
Trust: viability of partners, traditional Outsourcing
challenges
Security: Private Clouds, Virtual Private clouds, Physical
risks of consolidated data-centres, 99.95 vs. 99.99
Policy: Legal jurisdiction, Regulation(Sarbanes-
Oxley/HIPPAA), IT-Forensics.
Expertise: Role of Consultants as enablers of Cloud
Services, Customer-care issues.

Corporate-Cloud Issues

Themes in Corporate Cloud
Data, data, data.
Green IT
Testing new ideas.
Converting data-centres to Private-Clouds and thus
having transparent TCO for business units.
Developing World (BrIC)
SMEs and Startup (e.g. using Business Analytics)
Mashups
Ambidextrous Organisations (e.g. Guardian
Newspapers and MP expenses)
New organisational forms and Virtual Organisations.


But there is a legacy

5 Billion lines of COBOL code
are written a year

Paul Daugherty, Chief Technology
Architect, Accenture, October 2009.

GridPP Perspective
?

GridPP and the Cloud
Opportunity for a new language of eScience
Lessons from the GridPP for Cloud
users/providers?
New models of collaboration for community
cloud development (G-cloud etc.)
Lessons for corporates attacking large data-
analytics and reality-mining.
GREEN CLOUD
COMPUTING
-A Data Center Approach
15

Basics of Green & Cloud Computing
Green Cloud Computing-A Data Center Perspective
Green Cloud Computing in Developing Regions
Balancing Energy in Data Centers
Energy Aware Data Center Management
Power Usage Effectiveness
Case Studies :- Senegal & South Africa
Indian Scenario
Go Green
References
E-Journey
16

Green Computing
Study and Practice of designing, manufacturing, using and disposing computing
resources with minimal environmental damage
Energy Star, OECD
Product Longevity- Carbon Footprint
Steps : -
1. Algorithmic Efficiency
2. Resource Allocation
3. Virtualization-IBM, Intel, AMD
4. Terminal Servers-thin clients, Terminal Services, LTSP
5. Power Management- APM ,ACPI, undervolting(SpeedStep)
6. Data Center Power-Google Inc.
7. Material Recycling
17

Virtualized Computing Platform
Scalable use of computing resources
Pay-per-Use concept
Passive Consumers to Prosumers
Amazon, Google, Microsoft
Service Levels : -

Cloud Computing
SOFTWARE
AS A SERVICE-Consume it
PLATFORM
AS A SERVICE-Build on it
INFRASTRUCTURE
AS A SERVICE-Migrate to it
18

Third party provider
19
Cloud Platform
Usage based
economics
(CapEx to OpEx)
Low IT skill to
implement
Accessed via
the internet

Supply Chain Energy Usage
Green Data Centers
Steps : -
1. Diagnose opportunities & problems
2. Measure & Manage
3. Cool-blanking panels
4. Virtualize
5. Build
Server Virtualization
Energy-Aware Consolidation

Green Cloud Computing
-A Data Center
Perspective
20

Development of ICT

Moving Processor and Data closer to the User

Public Policy measures-Germany example, PPP

Locating Data Centers in the developing world

Economic Growth
Green IT in developing regions
-Introduction
21
Balancing Energy in Data Centers
Components : - Data Storage, Servers, LAN

Power Consumption

Hard Disk Arrays-Long term Storage

Server Consolidation
22

OLPC Project
Low Power Computing Platforms- Modern Data Centers
Managing computing load
Prioritization
Virtualization technologies for Data Centers
Cooling Data Centers- 42%
Used in Solar PV Systems

Energy Aware Data Center
Management
23

Power Usage Effectiveness(PUE)
24

25

UCAD Data Center
Campus Wide Backbone
Area occupied : - 60 square meters
Operates 24 hours a day
Servers : - 500 watts each
Green Data Center approach : - Racks
Cloud Computing involves : -
1. Workload Diversification
2. Power management flexibility
Low Power Processors in data centers : - Microsoft
Earth Rangers

Case Study of Senegal
26
UCAD Data Center
27

Horizontal Approach : - Rack Design
Peak Daily Energy : - 23 KW
Normal Daily Usage : - 6.8 KW
Cloud Scheme : - Two Full Racks completely
powered for 24/7
Area Required : - 1240 sq. feet

Solar PV Array
Switch
Gear
UPS PDU IT Gear Zone AC Total
Green
Cloud
Rack
0.05 0.08 0.05 0.6 0.2 0.98 KW
Current
Data
Centre-
Racks
0.1 0.5 0.9 9.8 4.5 15.7 KW
28

Rack Design
29

Cell Phone Company
Concerns : -
1. Test Environment Resource Availability
2. No good Scheduling Process
3. Server Waste
Private Cloud Designed
Benefits : -
1. Reduced time to test servers
2. Tight Scheduling
3. Reduced people resources
4. Eliminates Cloud Security
5. Reduced test server waste
Case Study in South Africa
30

During 2010, the cell phone companys South
Africa IT landscape continued to increase in size
and complexity, here is analysis of benefits to a
cell phone company.
1100+ Server Instances
40% - 60% - estimated spend on maintaining
current IT infrastructures versus adding new
capabilities
87.03% avg .idle The company has an average
of 12.97% CPU usage across platforms test is
lower
31

Bank in Johannesburg
Benefits : -
1. Speed: Test system setup that previously took two
weeks now takes two hours.
2. Energy Savings: The bank reported a reduction of
virtual servers by half, reducing power and cooling in
half.
Conclusions : -
1. Incentive for IT h/w and s/w makers
2. To have better measurement facilities

32

Green ICT Standardization in India : - GISFI
Started in 2010
Background info
1. High GHG emission
2. Fastest mobile subscriber growth rate
3. Erratic power supply
4. No network optimization
Solutions : -
1. To reduce carbon intensity by 20-25 % using fuel
efficiency standards
2. Network deployment by developing energy efficient base
stations

Indian Scenario
33

Data Centers:

As of 2007, 14% of all ICT emission is caused by
Data Centers
Roughly 50% of the emission due to data centers
is due to power system losses and cooling loads
Rapid Growth in use of IPTV, VOIP, enterprise IT
Use of both Corporate and Internet Data Centers.

Indian Scenario
34

Examples mentioned will help in harnessing energy

Lots of research to be carried out

Maximizing Efficiency of Green Data Centers

Developing Regions to benefit the most

Go Green!!!
35
Cloud
Computing
& Business

Presentation Gameplan
1. Cloud computing & business introduction
2. Business approaches to cloud computing
3. Cloud financial decision models
4. Recommendations

Cloud Computing Quotes
and Hidden Agendas

Articles Surveyed
Dispelling the vapor around cloud computing. IBM
Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud
Computing. UC Berkeley
Cloud Computing ROI Assessment. BTC Logic
Cost of cloud computing, expensive! up.time IT
Systems Management Blog


* The Berkeley article argues that private clouds are not included in cloud computing.
*

IBMs take on the cloud
Industry-wide survey of companies in 2009
Findings:
Private clouds > public clouds right now
Privacy/security are #1 barrier
Many workloads are cloud-inappropriate
Survey bias: large companies (1k-10k
employees)
My opinion: small/startup companies need
the cloud more than anyone!

Berkeley View
Next: Berkeley economic arguments to support cloud computing


Berkeley Cloud Performance
Assessment
In practice, virtual machines can share CPUs and
main memory surprisingly well.
CPUs already handle context switching well; VM-
switching is similar to a special case of this.
Ex., when running the STREAM memory benchmark on
75 EC2 instances, = 1355 MB/s, and = 52 MB/s (<
4% of )
I/O, via disks and the network, are another story.
Ex., for a 1 GB disk write by 75 EC2 instances, = 55
MB/s, and = 9 MB/s (> 16% of )
Network issues will be discussed next

Data transfer bottlenecks

If this statement is true, then we are better off with a cloud.
Note: this model assumes that revenue is proportional to user
hours, and that revenue is not affected by whether were on a cloud
or not.
Berkeley Cloud Decision Model

More Detailed Cloud Decision Modeling
Next, well examine BTC Logics model
Based on ROI (Return on Investment) analysis
Concrete calculations are based on a blog entry by
up.time IT Systems Management Blog





Recommendations FOR clouds
Startup business can greatly benefit from
public clouds by testing the waters without
making risky hardware purchase decisions
Servers with spike & flatline demand
Non-computing businesses: public clouds can
help companies focus on core competencies
Web software companies: public clouds can
allow all employees to work in one location
not necessarily the location where web apps
are hosted
Ex., California developers & Idaho electricity costs

Recommendations AGAINST
clouds
Software shouldnt be in the cloud if:
Its subject to government regulations or
auditability requirements; ex., Sarbanes-Oxley
It processes very sensitive information; ex., health
care records
Its workloads are network-heavy, and heavy
control of bandwidth is required; ex., streaming
audio/video applications
It can be easily run independently on a users
desktop (why bother putting it on a cloud?)


Further Reading
Aluetta, K. (2010). Googled: The end of the world as we know it London, Virgin books.
Armbrust, M., A. Fox, et al. (2009). Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,
UC Berkeley Reliable Adaptive Distributed Systems Laboratory.
Bandyopadhyay, Subhajyoti, Marston, Sean R., Li, Zhi and Ghalsasi, Anand, Cloud Computing:
The Business Perspective (November 23, 2009). Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1413545
Carr, N. (2005). "The End of Corporate Computing." MIT Sloan Management Review 46(3):
67-73.
Carr, N. (2008). The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google, W. W. Norton &
Co.
Natis, Y., E. Knipp, et al. (2009). Who's Who in Application Platforms for Cloud Computing:
The Cloud Specialists. Research, Gartner.
Weinhardt, C., A. Anandasivam, et al. (2009). "Cloud Computing A Classification, Business
Models, and Research Directions." Business & Information Systems Engineering 1(5): 391-
399.
Yang, H. and M. Tate (2009). Where are we at with Cloud Computing. 20th Australasian
Conference on Information Systems, Melbourne.

Green Cloud Computing : Balancing Energy in Processing, Storage,
and Transport By Jayant Baliga, Robert W. A. Ayre, Kerry Hinton,
and Rodney S. Tucker
An Intelligent Cloud Computing Architecture Supporting e-
Governance by Rajkumar Sharma and Priyesh Kanungo
PUE: The Green Grid metric for evaluating the energy efficiency in
DC (Data Center). Measurement method using the Power Demand
by Enrique laureguialzo
Green IT and use of Private Cloud Computing in South Africa by
John Lamb
THANK YOU
&
ANY Questions?

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