shanmuga priya .

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What is underpinning?


underpinning is the process of strengthening and
stabilizing the foundation of an existing building
or other structure.


Underpinning was carried out mainly because of
settlement of structures as a result of inadequate
foundation








Types
Remedial underpinning:-
It is done to provide additional foundation
strength to an inadequately supported structure which
may be settling or in danger of collapse.

Precautionary underpinning:-
It cannot be avoided as it becomes essential
by the construction of a new foundation, deeper than
those of the existing building

Underpinning is required
To strengthen the shallow footings of the existing
buildings.
To safeguard against differential or excessive
settlement of existing structure.
To deepen the existing foundation to increase the
bearing capacity so as to sustain heavier loads .
To provide a basement to an existing building
structure.


The original foundation is not strong or stable enough.

The usage of the building has changed.

The type of soil supporting the foundation may have
changed or were misjudged during planning.

The construction of nearby structures causes the
excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.

It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to
work on the current structure's foundation than to build a
new one.

Causes of Foundation Problems


Water is the main
enemy in expansive soils
problems


TOO MUCH WATER will cause the soil to swell

LESS WATER will cause the soil to shrink

Evaporation And Transpiration cause the soils to dry
and shrink

Uneven moisture causes uneven movement, which can
lead to structural damage to the structure.

If all soils beneath a foundation swells uniformly or shrinks
uniformly it is unlikely to cause a problem.
Methods
1. Pit method

2. Pile method

3. Pier method

4. Miscellaneous methods
PIT METHOD

The most common and oldest method of
underpinning

Requires careful and skilled work as loss of
ground will cause building settlement

Columns/ walls above the affected footing
should be braced as much as possible






A pit of 3 wide, 4 long and 5 deep is excavated in front
of the footing to be underpinned

Pit is extended laterally to reach under the foundation to
be underpinned

The foundation is then deepened to the required depth

Vertical formwork is built in the pit and then is concreted
up to the foundation

Dry packing operation is then carried out
Steps:-
1.The wall over the foundation is divided into various
sections (1.2 to 1.5 m)

2.Holes are made to adequate height in the existing wall.

3.In these holes Steel Needle Beams with bearing plates are
inserted and supported on either side of the wall by means
of crib supports (wooden blocks)

4.The jacks in turn are provided below the crib supports ,

5.The pit is now excavated up to the level of new foundation
directly or by cutting down the lower part of the old
foundation

Points to be noted
The entire wall foundation has to be replaced or
deepened in sections

For long section of walls , work is started from center
and progressed in sideways.

Instead of central needle beams, cantilever beams may
be used .
Cont.

Soon after the completion of the work each excavated
section should be filled with cement concrete(1 : 2 :4).

Vertical mild steel bars of circular section are used of
connection between old foundation and new
foundation

Needle beams and shores have to be removed only
after the completion of the new foundation
Pile method
Pit method is sometimes impracticable or
uneconomical under certain circumstances like,
1.underpinning in water logged structures

2.when heavy loads are to be transferred to
greater depths
3. the cost of underpinning by pit method is
more compared to pile method.

piles with concrete grouting
In this method underpinning is carried out in two stages


STAGE 1

1.In the first stage a precast Rcc pile is installed by carefully
digging a approach pit under the existing wall foundation
to obtain about 2 m of the head room .

2. A jacking arrangement is set up below the foundation to
access the overload capacity and to drive in the welding
beams accordingly

3. All the materials surrounding the piles are removed by
means of earth augers , water jets or air lifts .

4.The gap so formed is filled up with cement concrete to
provide a firm bearing ground.
Stage 2
Concrete is filled up to the second level .


The jacks are then removed leaving a completed
underpinning cylinder .








Methods of installation of piles
Displacement piles

Non-displacement
piles
Displacement piles
Dropping weight

Diesel hammer

Vibratory methods of pile driving

Jacking methods of insertion



Vibratory methods
Jacked piles
Non-displacement piles

Small diameter bored cast-in-place
piles

Large diameter bored cast-in-place
piles


Large diameter bored cast-in-place
piles

Diameter - 750mm up to 3m

Depth - 70m
Constructed by - cranes

Uses bentonite slurry to eliminate some of the
difficulties involved in drilling in soft silts and clays,
and loose granular soils

By using an expanding drilling tool the diameter at
the base of the pile can be enlarged, significantly
increasing the end bearing capacity of the pile.





Small diameter bored cast-in-place
piles


Diameter - 600mm or less

equipment :-tripod
a winch
a cable operating a variety of tools.
In granular soils, the basic tool consists of
heavy cylindrical shell with a cutting edge
and a flap valve at the bottom.

Water is necessary to assist in this type of excavation.





To prevent sides of the bore in granular soil a
temporary casing should be advanced by
driving it into the ground.

In cohesive soils, the borehole is advanced by
repeatedly dropping a cruciform-section tool
with a cylindrical cutting edge into the soil and
then winching it to the surface with its burden
of soil.


PIERING
Piering a foundation is the process of installing steel
piers under the footing of a foundation and driving the
piers through the soil down to load bearing stratum.

The piers can be used to either support the structure or
lift the structure.


The oldest methods of underpinning is installing piers
under foundation of the structure

This method is generally adopted in dry ground, because
of the difficulty of pits below the water level without loose
of ground, which would increase the tendency for the
building to settle.

The pits may be placed continuously or at suitable
spacing.

Their number and size are determined by the weight of the
structure to be underpinned and the bearing capacity of the
soil.



After filling the pits with concrete ,the pits become
supporting piers beneath the foundation

The depth to which underpinning pits are carried
depends upon the stratum which can support the load
,depth of the adjacent footings ,and whether there was
settlement before

In pier underpinning it is essential that proper care has
to be taken to prevent the loss of ground in installing
the sheeting, since loss of ground can cause settlement
of the structure during or after underpinning.


The least size of underpinning to provide workers
proper working space is 1 m by 1.3 m

Various shapes of pit can be sunk such that the
soil under the foundation is disturbed to a
minimum.

The pits can be taken down as much as 10m to 15m
until a stratum strong enough to support the
desired load Is met

Types of piers
RESISTANCE PIERS


HELICAL Piers


STEEL PIERS
RESISTANCE PIERS
These are also called as PUSH piers

Typically they have the best lifting potential.

This is because these types of piers are "pushed" down into the
ground, through the soil until they hit a hard surface - load
bearing stratum.

The weight of the structure is used as a counter-force to
hydraulically push these piers into the ground.

Once they hit this bottom, they can be pushed even further so
that they actually lift the structure back to their original level.


Once that is accomplished, the pier is capped off and
permanently attached to the bottom of the foundation.

This should prevent any further settling of the structure

The advantage of this type of pier is that a soils report is not
really necessary to know how deep the piers must be pushed.

Once the "bottom" is reached, that is, stratum that is strong
enough to support the structure, the structure can be lifted.


These types of piers are typically used for heavier structures but
are also perfect for single story residential homes.




Push Pier Installation Steps:

Step 1:
The footing is exposed and
prepared for the bracket.


Step 2: Foundation Bracket is secured to the footing.

Step 3:
Steel pier sections are
hydraulically driven
through the bracket to
competent soil or
bedrock

Step 4:
The weight of the
home is transferred
through the piers to
load bearing strata.

Home is lifted back to
level if possible.

Other types of piers
Hydraulically Advance
Push pier
Injection pier
HELICAL piers
These are typically used to
support a structure and not to
lift it

These types of piers are
"turned" into the ground much
like a corkscrew.

Each pier has one or more
"flights" that are like blades
that do the pulling into the
ground.

These flights keep the pier in
place after installation.


The advantage of a helical pier is that is can be used on very light
structures, unlike resistance piers .

However, to install a helical pier properly, a soils test should be performed
by a geotechnical engineer

Helical piers are very useful in other applications such as tie-backs. Since
they are screwed into the ground, and held in place with their flights.
Helical piers are ideal in pre-construction applications. They are installed
before the foundation is placed to prevent any future foundation
settlement.

Also, helical piers can be used in conjunction with resistance piers on
hillside homes.
Helical Pier Installation Steps

STEP 1:
Footing is
exposed and prepared
for the bracket.










step 2: Round-shaft
helical piers are
mechanically advanced
into the soil

Step 3:

Foundation Bracket
is secured to the
footing.

Step 4:

The weight of the home
is transferred through
the piers to load
bearing strata.

Home is lifted back to
level if possible.
Helical Pier Advantages:

Round shaft has a high resistance to bending

Suitable for both heavy and light loads

Long life span galvanized steel is resistant to
corrosion

Doesn't rely on the weight of the structure for depth
and capacity

Steel Piers
steel piers is stronger deep foundation
product.
Most importantly, concrete pilings are not as
strong as steel piers.

Also, installing concrete pilings is messy and
disruptive.

And finally, concrete pilings are not a
permanent solution to foundation settlement.

If the foundation pilings are installed in clay
soil the structure could begin to settle again.

steel pier systems are
designed to withstand the
test of time and are a
permanent solution to
settlement.

The installation is cleaner
than concrete pilings

the steel piers are stronger
and safer than that of
concrete pilings


LIMITATIONS OF PIER FOUNDATIONS

Foundation Upheaval Caused by Poor Drainage:

Swelling soil can also push the supporting piers upward, if they are
not designed and constructed to adequately resist uplift.

As a result, the pier will lift causing differential movement and
subsequent structural damage

Foundation Settlement Caused by Inadequate Pier Depth:
The piers supporting many older pier and beam foundations may not
extend below the zone of expansive soil that is affected by the
climate.

During periods of dry weather, these shallow piers may not provide
sufficient support to portions of the foundation, which may result in
differential settlement.

Miscellaneous methods
CEMENT GROUTING

CHEMICAL CONSOLIDATION

FREEZING

VIBROFLOTATION

CEMENT GROUTING
Cement grouting, also known as
slurry grouting or high mobility
grouting, is a grouting technique
that fills pores in granular soil or
voids in rock or soil, with flowable
particulate grouts.

Depending on the application,
Portland cement or microfine
cement grout is injected under
pressure at strategic locations
either through single port or
multiple port pipes.


This method is also used
to restore slabs or
pavements which has
settled

The operation is simple.

Holes are drilled in slabs
and cement grout is
forced under pressure
through these holes.

The pressure is
maintained until the
cement grout has set
JET GROUTING

Jet grouting is a modern, fast and effective
method of creating special foundation elements in
soils and possibly in semi-solid rocks.

The technology is based on grouting from a hole
into surrounding soil carried out under high
pressure of 3055 MPa and with the use of cement
and clay-cement mixtures.

After a hole is drilled to a projected depth,
cement mixture is pumped under high pressure
into nozzles above the drilling tool.

A jet of cement mixture goes through a nozzle
and cuts and mixes the soil to the distance of 40
140 cm, or to the distance of 120220 cm.


MACHINE FOR JET GROUTING

Carrying out a jet
grouting envelope to
secure safe driving
realized in sections
... the centre
IA collector Prague
Chemical consolidation
Chemical consolidation is a grouting technique
that transforms granular soils into sandstone-like
masses, by permeation with a low viscosity grout

The most common permeation grout for
structural applications is sodium silicate.

The grout is injected under pressure through
previously installed pipes.


The grouted soil has increased strength and stiffness,
and reduced permeability.

The equipment is relatively small, and therefore
suitable for use on sites with restricted access.

Here the soil under the existing footing is
consolidated using chemicals


Procedure:-

1.The perforated pipes are driven in inclined direction

2.When the pipes are driven a solution of sodium
silicate in water is injected through the pipes.

3.The pipes are withdrawn and during withdrawal
magnesium or calcium chloride is injected through the
pipes.

4.The chemical reaction takes place between these
chemicals and the soil is consolidated




This method is useful when
soil consist of sand or
granular materials

The cost of construction
depends upon the nature of
the soil, depth of
consolidation, site of work,
etc,
wind towers
Wind towers founded on
spread footings may settle as a
result of loose bearing soils.

Loose granular soils may also be
susceptible to liquefaction during a
seismic event, which may result in
excessive settlement or complete
foundation failure.

When wind towers are founded on
loose granular soils, chemical grouting
may be the correct solution for
providing long-term support.

Chemical grouting is also commonly
used to solidify granular soils beneath a
structure for both underpinning and
excavation support when an adjacent
excavation is to take place.

Freezing
In this method ,freezing pipes
are driven below the existing
footing and the soil is frozen

This method is rarely adopted
for two reasons
1.It is expensive
2.More time is required
for installation of freezing pipes
Vibroflotation
Vibro-flotation is a sand
compaction method that is used to
compact layers of loose sand which
are underground, and is a common
requirement in sand treatment for
land reclamation works.

Without vibro-flotation treatment,
roads built in these areas will suffer
settlement due to the heavy weight
of travelling vehicles.



In this method underpinning is carried out by
vibrating the sand and thereby increasing the
density which ultimately results in the increase
of the bearing capacity of the soil

This method is useful for granular soil or sandy
soil

Before the process of underpinning starts ,the
structure is shored carefully.


The vibrating equipment is isolated from the building
or the shoring

Vibro-flotation involves using high concentric
vibrations together with quick-charging water in the
sand.

Quick-charging a high volume of water in the sand
creates a quicksand (boiling) effect which, together
with the effect of the vibrations, causes the sand
particles to re-orientate from a loose layer to a tight
and dense layer.


Before and after underpinning
BEFORE REPAIR
AFTER REPAIR
THANK YOU..