FEEDBACK AND

CONTROL SYSTEM

GROUP ONE
BSECE IV-2
 INTRODUCTION

Fundamentals and Concepts

of Feedback and Control
System

Angeles, Ma. Gina

Rivera, Alvin M
 INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGIES

System

Control Engineering

Control System

Process

Feedback
 INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM

a group of interacting, interrelated, or

interdependent elements forming a complex
whole

segments of the environment

 INTRODUCTION
CONTROL ENGINEERING

based on the foundations of feedback theory

and linear system analysis;

integrates the concepts of network theory

and communications theory
 INTRODUCTION
CONTROL SYSTEM

interconnection of components forming a

system configuration that will provide a desired
system response

Twin goals of control system engineers:

• Understanding
• Control
 INTRODUCTION
CONTROL SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS

• Method of Analysis and Design

• Type of Signal
• Type of Performance Control
• Number of Variables
• Type of System Components
• Main Purpose
 INTRODUCTION
METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• Linear System
the principle of superposition can be applied

• Non-Linear System
the principle of superposition cannot be applied
 INTRODUCTION
TYPE OF SIGNAL
• Time Varying System
physical systems have parameters changing with time
• Time Invariant System
if the parameters are unaffected by the time
• Discrete Data System
if the signal is not continuously varying with time but it is in
the form of pulses.
• Continuous Data System
If the signal obtained at various parts of the system are
varying continuously with time
 INTRODUCTION
TYPE OF PERFORMANCE CONTROL

• Adaptive Control System

designing for the capability of continuously changing the
compensation if the parameters are large or rapid

• Optimal Control System

minimizing or maximizing the performance index
 INTRODUCTION
NUMBER OF VARIABLES

• Single Variable Control System

SISO—single input and single output

• Multivariable Control System

MIMO—multiple input and multiple output
 INTRODUCTION
TYPE OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• Electromechanical
• Hydraulic
• Thermal
• Pneumatic control
• Etc.
 INTRODUCTION
TYPE OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• Position Control
• Velocity Control
• Speed Control
• Etc.
 INTRODUCTION
PROCESS

sequence of interdependent and linked procedures

which, at every stage, consume one or more
resources to convert inputs into outputs

these outputs then serve as inputs for the next

stage until a known goal or end result is reached

process to be controlled
 INTRODUCTION
FEEDBACK

the return of a portion of the output of a process or

system to the input, especially when used to
maintain performance or to control a system or
process
 INTRODUCTION
FEEDBACK SYSTEM
feedback system
difference
+ Control
Σ Device
Actuator Process
desired - actual
output output
response response
Sensor /
Measurement
 INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLES OF USES OF FEEDBACK

Design of Improved Signal Amplifier

by Harold s. Black
feeding the amplifier output back to the input in
reverse phase and keeping the device from
oscillating to be a means of cancelling out the
distortion in the input

Gun Director by David b. Parkinson

using a small potentiometer to control the
antiaircraft gun through an actuator
 INTRODUCTION
EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK
 INTRODUCTION
EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK

• Overall Gain
positive feedback gain, reduced overall gain

• Stability
ability of system to follow the input command signal

• Sensitivity
insensitive to parameter changes, good control system

• Noise
vibrations, brush and commutator noise, etc.
 INTRODUCTION
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
is a control system that utilizes a controller or control
actuator to obtain the desired response. It also a system
in which the output variable does not have any influence
on the input variable and on the actuating device.

It is a control system with a preprogrammed set of

instructions to an actuator that has no feedback or
error-detection process; consequently, the system is
unable to make compensatory adjustments.

Desired output Actuating Process Output

response Device
 INTRODUCTION
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
is one in which control action is dependent on the
output.

a system in which the value of some output quantity is

controlled by feeding back the value of the controlled
quantity and using it to manipulate an input quantity so
as to bring the value of the controlled quantity closer to
a desired value
difference
+ Control
Σ Device
Actuator Process
desired - actual
output output
response response
Sensor /
Measurement
 INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON OF OPEN AND CLOSED LOOP
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
An open loop system has the ability
to perform accurately
It is easier to build
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
A closed loop system has got the
ability to perform accurately because
of the feed back.
It is more difficult to build

In general, it is more stable Less stable comparatively

If there is non-linearity in the Under the presence of non-linearity
system, the performance will not be in the system, it operates better than
good the open loop system
Feedback is absence Feedback is present

Examples: Examples:
Traffic Control System, Washing Temperature Control System, Robot
Machine, Gas Stove Sensors,
 INTRODUCTION
MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The control of systems characterized by multiple inputs
or by multiple outputs, which are often the measured
variables to be controlled, or by both multiple inputs and
outputs
 HISTORY

Timeline of Evolution of
Control Systems

Bautista, Ely
 HISTORY
300BC

The first applications of

feedback control appeared
in the development of float
regulator mechanisms in
Greece in the period 300 to
1 B.C. The water clock of
Ktesibios used a float
regulator.
 HISTORY
250BC

An oil lamp devised by Philon,

used a float regulator in an oil
lamp for maintaining a
constant level of fuel oil.
Heron of Alexandria, who
lived in the first century A.D.,
published a book entitled
Pneumatica, which outlined
several forms of water-level
mechanisms using float
regulators.
 HISTORY
1572 - 1633

The first feedback system to be invented in modern

Europe was the temperature regulator of Cornelius
Drebbel of Holland
 HISTORY
1647 - 1712

Dennis Papin [1647–1712]

invented the first pressure
regulator for steam boilers in
1681. Papin’s pressure
regulator was a form of
safety regulator similar to a
pressure-cooker valve.

Steam Digester
 HISTORY
1765

The first historical feedback

system, claimed by Russia,
is the water-level float
regulator said to have been
invented by I. Polzunov
 HISTORY
1769

The first automatic

feedback controller used
in an industrial process is
generally agreed to be
James Watt’s flyball
governor, developed in
1769 for controlling the
speed of a steam engine.
 HISTORY
SELECTED HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1769 James Watt’s steam engine and governor developed. The
Watt steam engine is often used to mark the beginning of
the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. During the
Industrial Revolution, great strides were made in the
development of mechanization, a technology preceding
automation.

1800 Eli Whitney’s concept of interchangeable parts

manufacturing demonstrated in the production of muskets.
Whitney’s development is often considered to be the
beginning of mass production.
1868 J. C. Maxwell formulates a mathematical model for a
governor control of a steam engine

1913 Henry Ford’s mechanized assembly machine introduced for

automobile production.

1927 H.W. Bode analyzes feedback amplifiers.

 HISTORY
SELECTED HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1952 Numerical control (NC) developed at Massachusetts Institute
of Technology for control of machine-tool axes.

1954 George Devol develops “programmed article transfer,”

considered to be the first industrial robot design.

1960 First Unimate robot introduced based on Devol’s designs.

Unimate installed in 1961 for tending die-casting machines.

1970 State-variable models and optimal control developed.

1980 Robust control system design widely studied.
1990 Export-oriented manufacturing companies emphasize
automation.
1994 Feedback control widely used in automobiles. Reliable,
robust systems demanded in manufacturing.
 HISTORY
SELECTED HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1997 First ever autonomous rover vehicle, known as Sojourner,
explores the Martian surface.

19982 Advances in micro- and nanotechnology. First intelligent

003 micromachines are developed and functioning
nanomachines are created.

First Unimate robot by Devon

HISTORY
 MODERN CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Conventional Control Systems and
Computer Controlled Systems

Cayetano, Nedino Lester D

 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
FEEDBACK

Positive feedback seeks to increase the event that

caused it, such as in a nuclear chain-reaction. It is
also known as a self-reinforcing loop. An event
influenced by positive feedback can increase or
decrease its output until it hits a limiting constraint.
Self-reinforcing loops can be a smaller part of a
larger balancing loop, especially in biological systems
such as regulatory circuits.

Negative feedback seeks to reduce the input signal

that caused it, is also known as a self-correcting or
balancing loop. Such loops tend to be goal-seeking,
as in a thermostat which compares actual
temperature with desired temperature and seeks to
reduce the difference.
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
CONVETIONAL CONTROLLED SYSTEM

A manually controlled control system utilizes human

intervention on regulating a system wherein an operator
is instructed to maintain a certain level. The reference is
memorized by the operator. The operator compares the
actual level visually with the desired level and controls
switches (actuator) to maintain the desired level . The
power amplifier is the operator and the sensor is the
visual.
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
COMPUTER CONTROLLED SYSTEM

is defined as a control system where a computer

replaces a group of single-loop analogue controllers. Its
greater computational ability makes the substitution
possible and also permits the application of more
complex advanced-control techniques. The advantage
offered by the digital computer over the conventional
control system is that the computer can be programmed
readily to carry out a wide variety of separate tasks. In
addition, it is fairly easy to change the program so as to
carry out a new or revised set of tasks.
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
CONVENTIONAL CONTROLLED SYSTEM
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
COMPUTER CONTROLLED SYSTEM

is a control system where a computer replaces a group

of single-loop analogue controllers. Its greater
computational ability makes the substitution possible
and also permits the application of more complex
advanced-control techniques. The advantage offered by
the digital computer over the conventional control
system is that the computer can be programmed readily
to carry out a wide variety of separate tasks. In addition,
it is fairly easy to change the program so as to carry out
a new or revised set of tasks.
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
COMPUTER CONTROLLED SYSTEM
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
TASK DIFFICULTY: Human vs. Automatic Machine

Tasks Difficult for a Machine Task Difficult for a Human

Inspection and assessment of Inspection of a system in a
subjects in a certain condition hot, toxic environment

Drive a vehicle through a Repetitively assembling a

complex and rugged terrain device

Identify values (cost) of certain Precision and accuracy in

objects movements specially when
distracted.
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
EXAMPLES (Precision Temperature Controller)
 MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
CONTROL SYSTEM IN OUR DAILY LIFE

Virtually daily activities is affected by some type of

feedback control system. It is visible to the human body,
in home, asemmbly lines, and robots. Other applications
of control systems include transportation, space
technology, chemical processes, machine tools, computer
peripherals, power systems biotechnology, economic
systems, ecological systems and government. An
engineer with training in control system analysis and
design will be able to design, build and analyze the
devices and systems which provide automatic control.
 AUTOMATED
ASSEMBLY

Automation and Future

Evolutions

Bautista, Irene
AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY

is a computerized production control technique

used in the production of manufactured goods
to balance output production with demand
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
DISCRETE PARTS MANUFACTUING

•Mass Production
•Batch Production
•Job-Shop Manufacturing
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
PROCESS CONTROL MANUFACTURING
•Development of analytical instruments to record
what is happening as we as to analyze the chemical
constituents of gases and fluids at hundreds of
points inside a processing plant
•Design and construction of much automatically
controlled equipment
•Use of large-scale analog computers to unravel
complicated kinetic system problems
•The devising of methods to achieve optimum
performance in industrial technology
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
AUTOMATION
Automation is basically the delegation of human control
function to technical equipment for:

• Increasing Productivity
• Increasing Quality
• Reducing Cost
• Increasing Safety in working conditions
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
AUTOMATION
Automation is the use of control systems in concert with
other applications of information technology to control
industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need
for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization,
automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas
mechanization provided human operators with
machinery to assist them with the muscular
requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the
need for human sensory and mental requirements as
well. Processes and systems can also be automated
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
SYSTEM FRAME OF AUTOMATION

Programmable Logic Controller

Electronic Control using Logic Gates
Hard wired logic Control
Pneumatic Control
Manual Control
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
MANUAL CONTROL
All the actions related to process control are taken by
the operators

DRAWBACKS
 Likely human errors and consequently its effect on
quality of final product
 The production, safety, energy consumption and usage
of raw material are all subject to the correctness and
accuracy of human action.
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
PNEUMATIC CONTROL
The contactor and Relays together with hardware timers
and counters were used in achieving the desired level of
automation

DRAWBACKS
•Bulky and Complex System
• Involves lot of rework to implement control logic
• Longer project time
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
HARD-WIRED CONTROL

The contactor and Relays together with hardware timers

and counters were used in achieving the desired level of
automation

DRAWBACKS
• Bulky panels
• Complex wiring
• Longer project time
• Difficult maintenance and troubleshooting
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
ELECTRONIC CONTROL USING LOGIC GATES

The hardware timers & counters were replaced by

electronic timers

ADVANTAGES
•Reduced space requirements
•Energy saving
•Less maintenance & greater reliability

DRAWBACKS
• Changes in control logic not possible
•More project time
 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Instead of achieving the desired control or automation

through physical wiring of control devices, in PLC it is
achieved through a program or say software.

ADVANTAGES
• Reduced space
• Energy saving
• Ease of maintenance
• Economical
• Greater life & reliability
• Tremendous flexibility
• Shorter project time
• Easier storage, archiving and documentation
FUTURE EVOLUTION
 DESIGN

Engineering Design and

Control System Design

Roque, Jeremias Jr P
 DESIGN
ENGINEERING DESIGN is the central task of an engineer
wherein,

DESIGN is defined as the process of conceiving or

inventing the forms, parts, and details of a system to
achieve a reasoned purpose.

The design steps are: a) determine a need arising from

values of groups, covering the spectrum from public
policy makers to the consumer, b) specify in detail what
the solution to that need must be and to embody these
values, c) develop and evaluate various alternative
solutions, and d) decide which is to be designed in detail
and fabricated.
 DESIGN
Specifications are statements that explicitly state what the
device or product is to be and do. Design specifications
rests on four characteristics:
• Complexity of Design, results from the wide range of
tools, issues, and knowledge to be used in the process

• Trade-Off, involves the need to make a judgment about

how much of a compromise can be made between two
conflicting criteria, both of which are desirable
• Gaps, the void between what is intended (or visualized)
as the product or device and the actual, practical form of
the final design

• Risk, uncertainties embodied in the unintended

consequences of the design
 DESIGN
In engineering design, two types of thinking must takes
place: analysis and synthesis

Analysis
Synthesis, the process where new physical
configurations are created

Engineering design is not a linear process, it is an

iterative, nonlinear, creative process.
 DESIGN
CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN is the arrangement or the plan
of the system structure and the selection of its suitable
components and parameters.

1. Establish control goals

2. Identify the variables to control

3. Write the specifications for the

variables
4. Establish the system configuration and
identify the actuator

5. Obtain a model of the process, the

actuator, and the sensor

6. Describe a controller and select key

parameters to be adjusted

7. Optimize the parameters and analyze

the performance
 EXAMPLES AND
EXERCISES

Applications of Concepts
 EXAMPLES
Sketch a block diagram of an open-loop system for dryer
wherein the dryer is under the function of a given time.

Desired Output Actual Output

Σ Control Device Actuator Process

Timer Motor Dryer

 EXAMPLES
Sketch a block diagram of a manual control system for
regulating the level of fluid in a tank.

Desired Output Actual Output

Σ Control Device Actuator Process

Human Fluid Input

Valve
Operator

Sensor

Human Visual
 EXAMPLES
An automobile driver uses a control system to maintain
the speed of the car at a prescribed level. Sketch the
block diagram to illustrate this feedback system.

Desired Output Actual Output

Σ Control Device Actuator Process

Steering
Gas Engine
Wheel

Sensor

Speedometer
 EXAMPLES
Sketch the block diagram to illustrate this feedback
system of a Temperature Control of Passenger
Compartment Car wherein external factors are
considered.
Heat Sensor Sun

Desired Output Actual Output

Σ Control Device Actuator Process

Air Passenger
Controller Car
Conditioner

Sensor
Thermometer/
Thermostat
 EXERCISES
Using the closed-loop pattern construct a feedback
model of student-teacher learning process through
examinations as the utility for measurement

Desired Output Actual Output

Σ Control Device Actuator Process

Teacher Student Learning

Sensor

Exam
END

Thank You

Angeles, Ma. Gina

Bautista, Ely
Bautista, Irene
Cayetano, Lester
Rivera, Alvin M
Roque, Jeremias Jr