POLI TI CAL AND CULTURAL I MPACT OF WORLD WARS DURI NG THE FI RST HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY? Unit I: The World in crisis during the first half of the 20th century NATI ONALI SM I MPERI ALI SM ARMS RACE BELLE POQUE SHORT TERM CAUSES Causes and precedents of World War I LATE XI X CENTURY - EARLY XX CENTURY
Nationalism What is a nation? Nowadays, the nation is a very powerful concept. However, before the French Revolution, it was barely used.
NATION = NATURAL FEELING? NATION = HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION
Different definitions of a Nation Nation = group of people who are citizens of a State May be quickly changed Against Absolutism Political Nation = group of people who possess the same language, history, religion, traditions, etc. May not be quickly changed Against national division Cultural Nationalism (Cultural) Nationalism = Ideology that seeks the unity and greatness of cultural nations under a single State
Expressions of Nationalism Nationalist ideology (set of ideas regarding nationalism) Nationalist movements (political movements of nationalist ideology) Nationalist States (States formed from nationalist movements)
Nationalist ideology When? Late XVIII Century Early XIX Century What? National self-determination Precedents: Enlightenment: natural laws, citizenship, permanent change Post-Kantian philosophers (Fichte, Schelling, Herder): idea of self-determination
Nationalist movements and States Unification: Italy (1870) Germany (1871) Separatism (decadence of large empires) Ottoman Austro-Hungarian
Europe, 1850 Nationalism as national greatness IMPERIALISM Military development Industrial development Territorial expansion LATE XI X CENTURY - EARLY XX CENTURY Imperialism World map, 1822
World map, 1885
World map, 1914 Source: http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/world-maps.htm Imperialism Imperialism = territorial, economic, and ideological rule of overseas territories or States Key points: Berlin Conference (1884) Scramble for Africa Fashoda incident (1898) Entente Cordiale (1904) Imperialism and World War I Resentment of countries that had small Empires (Germany, Italy) Imperial diplomacy Entente cordiale (friendship between England and France) Colonial armies fight in WWI (Australia, Canada, etc.) Nationalism and World War I Nationalism was a cause of Imperialism Nationalism caused Arms Race Russian Pan-slavism Balkan wars (1912, 1913) 1 st Balkan War (1912): Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro attacked Turkey and won 2 nd Balkan War (1913): Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia and lost (also Romania and Turkey attacked Bulgaria) Web of alliances (p. 21) Precedents: Bismarck's Realpolitik (Alliance system) Imperial alliances Friendships: England France (imperial powers) France Russia (v. Germany) Germany Austria-Hungary (defensive alliance) Russia Serbia (panslavism)
Web of alliances Rivalries: England v. Germany (Naval arms race, industrialism) France v. Germany (Franco-Prussian war) Serbia v. Austria-Hungary (Serbia) Ottoman Empire v. Russia (Balkans) France v. Italy (Tunisia)
WWI alliances Triple Entente France England Russia USA (1917) Italy (1915) Triple Alliance Germany Austria- Hungary Italy (did not fight) Turkey (1914) 1914 Source: http://firstworldwar.olemarius.net/ 1915
Source: http://www.worldology.com/Europe/world_war_1_effect.htm Arms race/ Armed Peace Arms race = competition among countries to achieve the best armed forces: Amount of weapons Technology of weapons Number and preparation of soldiers Military strategies (Schlieffen Plan -1905) Before WWI: England, France, Germany (p. 22). Causes: imperial rivalries and friendships 1871-1914: Belle poque? Yes No large wars Development of science, arts, and economy Optimism No Imperialism Social inequality Arms race/ alliance system ASSASSI NATI ON OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDI NAND SHORT TERM CAUSE OF WWI Precedents Decadence of Ottoman Empire led to new Slav countries in the Balkan Peninsula Austro-Hungary still ruled over Bosnia Bosnian nationalists opposed Austro-Hungarian Empire. Some of them had ties in the Serbian military (they shared Pan-Slavism) Russian people are also Slavs, and wanted access to Mediterranean Sea, so they were allied to Serbia. Balkan wars
Source: m.eb.com/assembly/54541 Assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand - 28 June 1914 Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by Bosnian nationalist Gavrilo Princip - Austria-Hungary uses this opportunity to set strict demands to Serbia ultimatum - Germany hands blank cheque to Austria-Hungary - Serbia rejects the ultimatum and Austria declares war (28 July 1914)
Premature activation of alliances - Russia sees Austrian mobilization as a threat Russian mobilization - Germany mobilizes against Russia and France war - Germany violates Belgian neutrality (defended by England), Schlieffen Plan Steps to build a concept map: 1. Order the events chronologically 2. Identify causes and consequences 3. Identify how the concepts are related 4. Connect them with arrows and labels that show the relation between them.
Industrial capacity Militarism (Arms Race) Colonies (imperialism) World War I Nationalism Balkan crisis Alliance system 1850 1870 1895 1914 War plans Example: Concept map/Timeline Short term cause of Causes Allows Shapes Allows Leads to Activates Allows Causes Leads to Increase the effect of Leads to Allows Increase Causes