1

Perforating Basics
2

Perforating Basics
Basic Concepts
Factors Affecting Gun Performance
Perforation x Production
Perforation and Completion Types
Perforation Techniques
Intelligent Perforation
3

Basic Concepts
Perforation in Well Completion
Explosives
Shaped Charges
Perforating Guns
4

Production
Zone
Cement
Casing or
Liner
Well Completion
Perforating is a critical part of well completion
Determinant for well productivity
Safety
Lower Cost
Pressure Relation:
Overbalance;
Underbalance;
Extreme Overbalance.
5

Explosives
Explosives Types:
Low Explosives:
High Explosives
Primary Explosives: Electric and Percussion Detonators;
Secondary Explosives: Detonating Cord, Boosters and
Shaped Charges.
Affected by temperature
6

Liner Position
Shaped Charges
Components:
Outer Case;
Primer Explosive;
Main Explosive;
Liner
7

4 sec
Shaped Charges
Detonation Mechanics:
1. Detonation Cord -
Primer Explosive - Main
Explosive
2. Liner collapses -
perforating jet
8

9.4 sec
16.6 sec
Shaped Charges
Detonation Mechanics:
1. Detonation Cord -
Primer Explosive - Main
Explosive
2. Liner collapses -
perforating jet
3. Jet impacts casing
surface (100 GPA )
4. Jet passes through
casing wall, cement and
formation
9

Perforating Guns
Divided in:
Capsule Guns:
Enerjet* and Pivot*
Carrier Guns: High
Density, HEGS*,
Scallope
Expendable or
Retrievable
Debris are concern
Clearance x standoff
10

Perforating Guns
Divided in:
Capsule Guns:
Enerjet and Pivot
Carrier Guns: High
Density, HEGS,
Scallope
Expendable or
Retrievable
Debris are concern
Clearance x standoff
11

Gun Performance
Direct Influence well production
Performance affected by:
Gun Design
Downhole Parameters
12

Gun Design Factors
Standoff
Scallop Thickness
Small effect in deep penetration than in Big Hole
charges
Charge packed in the gun
Charge to charge interference;
13

Downhole Parameters
Clearance
Casing Strength
Effective Formation Strength
Wellbore Fluid
Temperature
14

Perforation x Productivity
Productivity Laws
Skin
Perforation Parameters
Skin due to Perforation
15

q =
kh (Pe - Pwf)
141.2 | (In
re
rw
+ S)

PI =
q
P P
kh
141.2 ln
r
r
e wf
e
w

=
+
|
\

|
.
| | S
Productivity Laws
Darcys Law



Productivity Index




16

Skin
Divided in
Mechanical Skin:
Drilling, Completion fluids
Perforation damage
Pseudo Skin:
Completion improper diameter;
Shot density
Turbulence
Perforation plugging
17

Perforation Parameters
Geometry factors
Importance related to
completion type and
formation conditions
Shot density more
important than shot
penetration
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Skin due to Perforation
Skin due to:
Perforation Length
Shot Density
Crushed Zone Permeability
Thickness
Optimum Underbalance
19

Completion Types
Natural Completion
Stimulated Completion
Fracturing;
Acidizing;
STIMPAC*
Extreme Overbalance
Perforation affecting Sand Control and Fracturing
20

Perforation x Sand Control
Perforation Efficiency - Permeability
Factors:
Gravity
Sand debries are difficult to remove
Stable Arcs
Multiple Perforations
Gravel mixed to Sand Debries tends to reduce
permeability
21

Perforation x Sand Prevention
Three main objectives:
Acceptable sand production
Minimize formation stress
Optimum flow rate
Recommended Perforation Design:
Underbalance
Deep Penetration
Optimum gun phase
Shot density by Critical Flow
Oil as wellbore fluid
22

Perforation x Fracture
Objectives:
Minimize Wellbore Pressure Drops
Perforation Friction
Microannulus
Side Fractures
Tortuosity
Lab Results:
180 phase with 30 degrees offset PFP
Hole diameter: Saucier Method
23

Perforation Techniques
Through-Tubing Perforating
HyperDome*, Enerjet* or Pivot* - Carrier Guns
Completion tested, Underbalance, Rigless
Limited Interval - 30 ft
Casing Gun/ High Shot Density Guns
Port Plug Guns, HEGS* and HSD guns
Gun size limited by casing size
Wireline conveyed in overbalance: larger interval
(60 ft)
Low Debries Guns
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Perforation Techniques
Wireline :
Faster and Economic
Limited Intervals - Deviated Wells
Tubing Conveyed Perforation
Long and multizone intervals
Through tubing and casing/ HSD advantages
Underbalance Perforation
Wide variety of firing systems
Expendable guns can be drop allowing through
tubing operations
25

Perforation Techniques
Guns
Enerjet*
Pivot*
HSD*
Big Shot
Release Mechanisms
WAXR*
SXAR*
MAXR*
26

PerfPAC*
Perforation Techniques
Completion without Killing
FIV*
CIRP*
PERFPAC*
GunStack
27

Custom design each completion based on
formation properties to optimize production
Intelligent Perforating.Completion Design
Intelligent Perforating
28

Reservoir
Description
Completion
Design
Hardware Treatment
Gun
Deployment
Job
Design
Execution
(Optimize)
Seismic
Logs...
Perforating
Parameters
Simulators
Nodal, SPAN*..
Monobore
Multiple..
Performance Data Base
Field Specific
Intelligent Perforating
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Natural Completions
Formation Damage
Deep Penetrating Charges
Anisotropy
High Shot Density
Phasing
Perforation Skin
Underbalance
TCP
Through-Tubing
FIV, X-Tools
CIRP, Stackable
Long Intervals
TCP, CT
FIV, X-Tools
CIRP, Stackable
Deep/Hot Wells
HPHT, HNS/HTX
Wireline
Through-Tubing
Hard Formations
Hard-Rock Charges
30

Sand Control
Gravel Placement & Skin Reduction
Area-Open-to-Flow (AOF)
Shot Density and Big-Hole Charges
Phasing
Reduction of Perforation Skin
(Underbalance/Clean-up)

Efficiency
PERFPAC
IRDV, SXAR, HSD Guns, Quantum Packer
31

Sand Prevention
Retain Structural Integrity
Deep Penetrating Charges
High Shot Density
Optimum Phasing (Maximize Perf-to-Perf
Spacing)
Limit Drawdown
Custom Gun Designs
7-in. 27 spf HSD Gun
3 3/8-in. 4 spf 99
32

Hydraulic Stimulation - Frac
Pressure Drop
Perforation Hole Size
Interval Length
Number of Shots
Tortuosity & Leakoff
Phasing (180, 60 , 120)
Orientation
Micro Annulus or Multiple Fractures
Deviation
33

Deviated/Horizontal Wells
Debris
CleanSHOT*, CleanPACK* Charges
Bigshot 21*
Skin
Gun Orientation
Special Guns (Top-side Shooting)
Efficiency
Coiled Tubing Perforating
FIV*, LTIV*
34

References Jan 99
Schlumberger WL & Testing Perforating Services
Manual