IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

Founded 1991 by Md. Alimullah Miyan

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY(CEAT)

Course Title: Turbomachinery
Course Code : MEC 437


Course Instructor: Engr. Md. Irteza Hossain
The Power God : Steam Power
~1760 : James Watt
~1820 : Sadi Carnot
George Brayton & W Rankine ~ 1860
Power Gods : Gas Power
George Brayton
Nicolaus A. Otto
Rudolf Diesel
Power Gods : Hydro Power
Lester Allan Pelton
James B. Francis
Viktor Kaplan
Definition of a Turbomachine

The word turbo is a Latin origin and implies that which spins or
whirls around
A turbomachine is a device in which energy is transferred either
to or from a continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of
one or more moving blade rows
A rotating blade row, a rotor or an impeller changes the
stagnation enthalpy of the fluid moving through it by either +ve
or ve work. The changes in enthalpy are linked with pressure
changes.
A pump: work is done on fluid
A turbine: work is done by fluid
The definition precludes consideration of positive displacement
machines such as piston pumps and piston steam engines.
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from
a Fluid
Classification of Turbomachines
Major subdivisions

A. Power classifications (power is added or extracted from the
fluid)

Pumps are power addition machines and include liquid pumps,
fans, blowers and compressors.
Fluids are water, fuels, air, steam, refrigerants.

Turbines are power extraction devices and include windmills,
water wheels, hydroelectric turbines, automotive engine
turbochargers, gas turbines.
Fluids; gases, liquids, mixtures.
Applications to Fluid Systems
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
Classification of Turbomachines
B. The manner in which the fluid moves through and around a
machine

Open flow
No casing or enclosure for the rotating devices
Examples: propeller is an open flow pumping device.
Windmill is an open flow turbine

Enclosed or encased flow devices


Classification of Turbomachines
C. Flow-path or through-flow

Axial through-flow machines. The flow moves on
streamlines parallel to the axis.

Predominantly radial flow.

Mixed flow machines.
Classification of Turbomachines
Classification of Turbomachines
D. Compressibility of the fluid
Incompressible
The density is constant through the entire flow process; liquid
pumps.

Compressible; Gas flows: compressors.

E. Impulse or reaction machines
Impulse: pressure changes are absent in the flow through the rotor. In
an impulse machine, all the pressure change take place in nozzles
Ex. Pelton wheel

Reaction: pressure changes in rotor are absent


Classification of Turbomachines
Pelton wheel
IMPACTS OF JETS

Water jet experiences some force as it hit a
fixed plate
This force is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the Jet
Newton Second law of motion:
The rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional
to the impressed force and it takes place in the
same direction in which the force acts

TRASH RACK

Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric pressure
The water stream hits each bucket on the runner
No suction downside, water flows out through turbine housing
after hitting
High head, low flow applications.
Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow
Impulse Turbine
SPLITTER
BUCKETS OR VANES
RUNNER
Combined action of pressure and velocity of
moving water

Runner placed directly in the water stream
flowing over the blades rather than striking
each individually

lower head and higher flows than compared
with the impulse turbines.
Reaction Turbine

It is a reaction turbine developed by an English born
American Engineer, Sir J.B. Francis.

The water enters the turbine through the outer periphery
of the runner in the radial direction and leaves the
runner in the axial direction, and hence it is called
mixed flow turbine.

It is a reaction turbine and therefore only a part of the
available head is converted into the velocity head before
water enters the runner.

The pressure head goes on decreasing as the water
flows over the runner blades.
Francis Turbine



The static pressure at the runner exit may be less than
the atmospheric pressure and as such, water fills all the
passages of the runner blades.

The change in pressure while water is gliding over the
blades is called reaction pressure and is partly
responsible for the rotation of the runner.

A Francis turbine is suitable for medium heads (45 to
400 m) and requires a relatively large quantity of water.
Francis Turbine
The Francis Turbine
IMPACTS OF JETS

Water jet experiences some force as it hit a
fixed plate
This force is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the Jet
Newton Second law of motion:
The rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional
to the impressed force and it takes place in the
same direction in which the force acts
FORCE EXERTED BY FLUID JET ON A
STATIONARY FLAT PLATE