Part Physico-chemical Properties of Formation Fluid

Chemical Composition and Physical Property

of Reservoir Fluid
Properties of Natural Gas
Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon
Physical Property of Crude Oil
Property of Oilfield Water
I ntroduction (P5)
Original Pressure and temperature are high.
Property of reservoir fluid is changing with
pressure and temperature.
Exploration and exploitation are in different stages
In the course of development
Properties of Reservoir Fluid
Crude oil is in the state of high temperature and
high pressure with much associated gas and formation
water. It has great differences with stock tank oil.
The property of porous medium rock determines
the distribution and flow pattern of oil, gas and water
in reservoir rocks to a large extent. The physical and
chemical properties of formation fluid (oil, gas and
water)) also affect its pperformance.
1.1 Chemical Composition and Physical
Property of Reservoir Fluid (P5)
Chemical Composition of Crude Oil

Physical Property of Crude Oil
Classification of Crude Oil

Chemical Composition of Nature Gas
Classification of Reservoir
Chemical Composition of Crude Oil (P5)
Crude oil is defined as a mixture of hydrocarbons
that existed in the liquid phase in natural underground
reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure
after passing through surface separating facilities
(joint API, AAPG, and SPE).
1.The element composition of oil (P6)
By analysing oil`s elemental composition.it is
comprised predominantly os carbon and hydrogen
elements and also contains a small quantity of
sulfur ,oxygen ,nitrogen,as well as some others
like trace elements().
TABLE 1-1

TABLE1-2

2.The hydrocarbon compounds in crude oil(P7)
The alkane in crude oil
The cycloakanes in crude oil
The aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oil

3.The non-hydrocarbon compounds in crude oil
4.Molecular weight,wax content and colloid()
and asphaltene
1.2 Physical Property of Crude Oil
1 Color
Black
Bright
In appearance, crude oils vary from yellow, green
and brown, to dark brown and black in color.
The physical and chemical properties of crude oils vary
considerably and are dependent on the concentration of the
various types of hydrocarbons and minor constituents present


mo

Vo
o =
in English unit
In international standard
lb/ft3/

kg/m3

The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a unit
volume of the crude at a specified pressure andtemperature.

2Density and specific gravity

2Density and specific gravity
The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the ratio
of the density of the oil to that of water.
dimensionless
o = specific gravity of the oil
Both densities are measured at 60o F and atmospheric pressure
o = density of the crude oil, lb/ft3
w = density of the water, lb/ft3
o
o
w

=

The API gravity is the preferred gravity scale. usually
range from 47o API for the lighter crude oils to 10o API
for the heavier asphaltic crude oils.

141.5
131.5
O
API

=
3 Solidifying point(freezing point )
The solidifying point of crude oil is defined as the
critical temperature in which the oil becomes cool from
the state of flowing to immobilizing. It is affected by the
content of wax, asphalt, colloid, light oil.



4Crude oil viscosity
The viscosity, in general, is defined as the internal
resistance of the fluid to flow.
Crude oil viscosity is an important physical property
that controls and influences the flow of oil through
porous media and pipes.
unitPa.s
Flash point
Fluorescence[flres()ns
Optical activity
Conductivity
1.1.3 Classification of Crude oil
1Based on sulfur content
According to properties of tank oilP14)
(1low sulfur oilsulfur content is 0.5 below
2sulfur crude (skunk oil)between 0.5% and 2.0%
3high sulfur crude oil 2.0% above
2 Based on the content of colloid- asphaltene

(1) low colloid oilcolloid- asphaltene 8 below
(2) colloid oilbetween 8% and 25
(3) high colloid oil25 above
3Based on paraffin content
1low paraffin oil paraffin content is 1 below


2 paraffin oil between 1 and 2


3high paraffin oil 2 above

4on the key component
1condensate oil(
2light crude(green oil,)
o <0.82g/cm320

o 0.82~0.89g/cm320
3mixed base crude o 0.89~0.93g/cm320

4naphthene base crudeo >0.93g/cm320
5Based on the specific gravity of stock tank oil
1light oil o0.855
2medium oil 0.855 o0.934

3heavy oil o0.934
According to formation crude oil

1Based on the oil viscosity
1low viscosityy oil
o < 5mPa s
2medium viscosity oil 5mPa s
< o < 20 mPa s
3high viscosity oil 20 mPa s < o < 50 mPa s
4viscous crudeheavy oil
o > 50 mPa s
(generalextrasuper heavy oil) o > 0.92





Both viscosities are measured in the formation state
2Based on the phase state
(1) condensate oil vapor phase in the
formation state, it condenses when the pressure is
decreased, usually specific gravity is less than 0.82

(2) volatile oil liquid phase in the formation
state, near critical point, high volatile and high shrinkage
Rs:210~1200m3/m3o<0.825Bo>1.75
3high pour point crude high wax content
light oil, solidifying point is more than 40
1.4 Chemical composition of natural gas
Natural gas , petroleum gas hydrocarbon, is a mixture
of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases
methanes, ethanes, propanes, butanes, pentanes, and
small amounts of hexanes and heavier. C1 mole% >70

~98 C2 mole%< 10
The non-hydrocarbon gases (i.e., impurities) include
carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen
5 Classification of reservoir(p17)

Geologic characteristic
Fluid properties
Natural drive or drive type
1 Method one
Hydrocarbon reservoirs
First stage
Oil reservoirs Gas reservoirs
Second

3rd
Black oil
reservoirs
Light oil
reservoirs
condensate
gas reservoirs
Ordinary gas
reservoirs
4th
Heavy oil
reservoirs
Ordinary
black oil
reservoir
High
shrinkage
Volatile
High
condensate
Low
condensate
Rich
gas
Dry
gas
2 Method two
1gas reservoirs
2 condensate gas reservoirs
3volatile () oil reservoirs
4oil reservoirs
5heavy oil reservoirs

C 1 %
C 2 %
C 3 %
C 4 %
C 5 %
C 6 %
C 7 %
4 8 .8 3

2 .7 5

1 .9 3

1 .66 0

1 .1 5

1 .5 9

4115
6 4 .3 6

7 .5 2

4 .4 7

4 .11 2

2 .9 7

1 .3 8

1 4 .9 1
8 7 .0 1

4 .3 9

2 .2 9

1 .00 8

0 .8 3

0 .6 0

3 .8 0
9 5 .8 5

2 .6 7

0 .3 4

0 .55 2

0 .0 8

0 .1 2

0 .4 2
%
1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0
3 Method three
Mole component and physical property of typical
formation fluid

C 7+
m 3 m 3
225

111
181

356
112

3240
157

18690
g cm 3

0 .8 5 3 4 0 .7 7 9 2 0 .7 3 5 8

0 .7 5 9 9

4 others method
Based on the buried depth:
less than 1500m
15002800m

28004000m

more than 4000m
shallow
semi-deep

deep

ultra deep
1.5the chemical composition and classification of
formation water
1.5.1 the chemical composition of formation water
1.5.1.1chemical composition
Metallic salts(Na K Ca Mg)brine
1.5.1.2the salinity and the milligram-equivalent
concentration
1.5.1.3 water hardness
1.5.2 The classification of formation water
Sulin system



Water is classfied to 4 types

2 2
4
2 2 2
4
, , ,
SO Na Na Cl Na Cl Ca
and
Cl SO Mg Cl Mg



The determination of water types