The Cell as the

Fundamental Unit of Life:

Membrane Transport
Processes
Selectively permeable- allows
certain substances to pass through
By 2 ways: active or passive
transport
Passive- downhill
Active- uphill (needs energy)
Plasma Membrane Function:
Passive: downhill reaction
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration

Active: uphill reaction, needs ATP
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Phagosytosis
No Barrier:
Substances spread out
High concentration to low concentration
e.g.: Red dye placed in glass of water
Passive Diffusion
Substances diffuse
High concentration to low concentration
Pores in membrane must be large
Down the concentration gradient
Dynamic equilibrium, equal rates in both
directions

Passive Diffusion
Biological membrane:
Facilitated
Diffusion
Carrier proteins:
Bind specific molecule
& change shape

Pass molecule through
middle of protein
Passive Diffusion: Osmosis
Osmosis- diffusion of a water through a semi-
permeable membrane
Moves down concentration gradient
e.g. Two sugar solutions of
different concentrations
separated by porous membrane
which lets water through but not
sugar
What will happen?
Passive Diffusion: Terms & Osmosis
More concentrated to less concentrated
Until concentration same on both sides: isotonic
Passive Diffusion: Osmosis &Terms
Concentration of solute
less: solution is
hypotonic.
Concentration of
solute greater:
solution is hypertonic.
Passive Diffusion: Osmosis: Outcomes to
Living Cells (Animal)

Animal cells
No cell walls

Isotonic environment:
Influx of water equals
the efflux of water
No change in cell
shape
Passive Diffusion: Osmosis: Outcomes to
Living Cells (Animal)
Hypotonic solution:
Water enters cell
Bursts, or lyses
Hypertonic solution:
Water leaves cell
Shriveled, or crenate
Passive Transport and Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport &
facilitated diffusion do
NOT require
ATP
Active Transport
DOES require the input of
ATP
Transport proteins
AGAINST concentration
gradient
outside cell
inside cell
ATP
Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism
ATP ADP + P
i
+ Energy
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Secretion
Exocytosis
nuclei
mucus
Membrane Permeability
Cell membrane:
selectively permeable

4 factors that determine permeability
lipid solubility
molecular size
polarity
charge


1
2
3
4
Lipid solubility
Most important factor
Hydrophobic molecules
Passively diffuse
Hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, & oxygen
Molecular Size and Polarity
Larger molecules, less permeable
Lower kinetic energy
Small pore sizes in the membrane
Polar molecules hydrophilic, less permeable
Very small, polar uncharged (water)
molecules can diffuse
-
+
Molecular Size
Polarity
Charge
Charged molecules hydrophilic, less permeable
Surrounded by coat of water (hydration
shell), increases the size