Reproduction of Cells

The DNA
Molecule
Chromosome Structure
Rod shaped structure
Made of a single DNA molecule and
proteins called histones
Histones maintain shape of chromosomes
Aids in tight packing of DNA
Seen during cell division
Coiled and compact
DNA and Chromosomes
double-stranded
DNA molecule
A Pair of Homologous
Chromosomes
centromere
homologous
chromosomes
DNA
Replication
Chromosome structure
Chromosome consists of two
identical halves
Each half is a chromatid
Formed when DNA makes a copy of itself
before cell division
Each new cell will receive one chromatid
from each chromosome
Chromatids are held together by a
centromere
Chromosomal Replication
sister chromatids
DNA replication
A Chromosome After Replication
QuickTime and a
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sister chromatids
Human Chromosomes
Human Chromosomal Pairs
23 pairs
Sex
chromosomes
autosomes
Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Interphase- 75% of cell life cycle
G
1
: rapid growth; centrioles
replicate.
S: DNA replicates
G
2
: cell prepares for cell
division; microtubular structures
form.
The Cell Cycle
Cell Division
Mitosis: cell divides its nuclear
components (chromosomes).
Cytokinesis: cell divides its
cytoplasmic components.
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
centrioles
chromatin
plasma
membrane
nucleolus
nuclear
envelope
Interphase
Prophase
Chromosomes shorten and become
visible (early prophase)
Chromosomes made up of 2 identical
chromatin threads called chromatids
Centrioles migrate toward opposite pole
pulled by kinetochore
Nuclear envelope disintegrates (late
prophase).
Prophase
centromere
chromosome
aster
centrioles
aster
polar fiber
chromosomal
fiber
fragmenting
nuclear
envelope
Prophase
Centrioles
During
Prophase
centrioles
nucleus
Metaphase
Chromosomes lined up in the
middle
Mitotic spindle complete.
metaphase plate
spindle
Metaphase
polar fibers
chromosomal
fibers
sister chromatids
Metaphase
Chromosome at Metaphase
Anaphase
Sister chromatids (= identical strands of
DNA) split from each other to form divided
identical chromosomes.
Kinetochore fibers shorten and pull divided
identical chromosomes to opposite sides of
the dividing cell.
Polar microtubules slide past each other,
lengthening and pushing the cell apart

daughter
chromosomes
Anaphase

Telophase
Divided chromosomes reach opposite
sides of cell and begin to disperse as
chromatin.
Nuclear envelopes reforms around
separated collections of chromosomes to
form two nuclei.
Cytokinesis- completion of cell division

Telophase
Spindle apparatus disintegrates.
Cytokinesis usually begins near the
end of telophase.
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Separation of cytoplasmic
components to yield two daughter
cells
Microfilaments form a contracting
ring that pinches the plasma
membrane inward between the
forming daughter cells
Cytokinesis
cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis
Cancer
Rapid and uncontrollable
development and production of cells.
Development of Cancer Cells
1. Inheritance may increase risk
2. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor
genes mutate or become damaged by
carcinogens
3. Known carcinogens:
Viruses and bacteria
Environmental chemicals
Tobacco
Radiation
Dietary factors
Conversion
Conversion begins with a mutation
(a change in DNA) by:
1. Chemical
2. Physical
3. Biological
Conversion
Production of Cancer Cells
Development and Progression

Development &
Progression of Cancer
Begins when a chemical substance
stimulates growth of a mutated cell
Those chemical substances
influence a 2
nd
stage of
carcinogens called promoters.
Promoters stimulate cell to divide
uncontrollably
Metastasis- cancer traveling to
other sites; like a forest fire
Development of a
Benign Tumor
Development of a
Malignant Tumor
Overview of the
Development Cancer
Ultraviolet Radiation
and Skin Cancer
ozone
Ozone:
Screens out 99% of harmful UV light
Ozone produced by lightening
1% in ozone will result in a 2% in
skin cancer
Holes in ozone:
Dupont- CFCs: hairspray, refrigerators,
air conditioning
Which country has the highest rate of
skin cancer?
Skin Cancer
1. Avoid sun between 10am to 4pm.
2. Wear sunscreen w/ SPF 40+.
3. Wear appropriate clothing.
Testing
Genetic testing
Biopsy
Blood test
X-rays, PET, MRI
Visual & tactile observation
Treatments
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Homeopathy
Prevention
Know family history
Get regular medical screenings
Learn self-exam techniques
Avoid direct sunlight
Watch your diet and weight
Dont smoke
Drink alcohol in moderation (alcohol
decrease heart disease, but increases
risk of certain cancers)
Become educated