This was a Powerpoint presentation of Ma. Lourdes Bautista's scholarly work on "Investigating the Grammatical Features of Philippine English." The presenter does not own the information presented tehrein, hence, he acknowledges the work of its author.
Original Title
Investigating the Grammatical Features of Philippine English
This was a Powerpoint presentation of Ma. Lourdes Bautista's scholarly work on "Investigating the Grammatical Features of Philippine English." The presenter does not own the information presented tehrein, hence, he acknowledges the work of its author.
This was a Powerpoint presentation of Ma. Lourdes Bautista's scholarly work on "Investigating the Grammatical Features of Philippine English." The presenter does not own the information presented tehrein, hence, he acknowledges the work of its author.
of Philippine English (Ma. Lourdes Bautista) Prepared and discussed by: RUDY P. ESPOSO II MAEd ELT English expressions which are neither American nor British, which are acceptable and used in Filipino educated circles, and are similar to expression patterns in Tagalog. (Llamzon, 1969:46) To validate the features already identified by using a concordancing program on the one-million word Philippine corpus, the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-PHI) Identify which grammatical features occur in ICE-PHI, and investigate their frequency of occurrence in comparison with their occurrence in the other corpora Corpus Analysis using the concordance program in Oxford University Press WordSmith Tools (version 4) applied to the one-million word corpus each for the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Great Britain Forms: with a plural noun (one of the boys) followed by a collective noun (one of the crowd) followed by an adjective in superlative degree (one of the finest) Table 1. One of the Noun in ICE corpora Corpus Occurrences of one of the + Plural noun/ collective noun/ adjective (Standard Use) + Singular noun (Non-Standard Use) No. % No. % ICE PHI 383 358 93.5 25 6.5 ICE SIN 285 256 89.8 29 10.2 ICE HK 403 319 79.2 84 20.8 ICE GB 423 418 98.8 5 (?) 1.2 Examples: Thats one of the related problem we will also be discussing. (PHI.s) Okay one of the good example is the bottom one. (SIN.s) CRM will become one of the high growth area in the IT industry in the coming years. (HK.w) British dataset: and that Rupert Sheldrake is one of the leading sort of biologists (GB.s) I mean this is one of the big sort of uh criticisms of the Jackonian period in the eighteen thirties. (GB.s) Possibly one of the best variety of statistical mapping is isoline mapping. (GB.w) Questions raised: Is the presence of the singular noun influenced by the presence of the number one? Is it due to interference from the first language (in Tagalog, for instance, the plural marker mga is optional in a phrase with isa one: isa sa tanong ko alternates with isa sa mga tanong ko one of my questions)? Three of the most common words in the English language are also three of the most difficult to use. We are referring to the articles a, an, and the. (Swales & Feak, 1994:221) Table 2. Majority in I CE Corpora Corpus Occurrences of Majority With article (Standard Use) Without article (Non-Standard Use) No. % No. % ICE PHI 76 54 71.1 22 28.9 ICE SIN 62 58 93.5 4 6.5 ICE HK 87 74 85.1 13 14.5 ICE GB 95 95 100.0 0 0.0 Examples: But a survey done by Pulse Asia shows majority of their respondents want President Estrada to keep his post. (PHI.s) The Philippine production system is currently at the pre-industrial stage, i.e. majority of the animals subsist on valueless resources. (PHI.w) Examples: Uh our own uh indications surveys had uh shown that majority of Singaporeans support this particular relief. (SIN.s) Footprint is an organization of enthusiastic university students towards nature and environmental protection, majority of whom are students or graduates of from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. (HK.w) Questions raised: Is majority equated with many and therefore an article is not required? Is majority so closely associated with the ready-made phrases majority voting or majority decision or majority opinion in the speakers minds that they omit the article when majority is used as a noun? Forms: followed by the indefinite article a/an when it is used as a count noun (such a story) the article is not needed when the noun following such is a mass noun (such information) or a plural count noun (such books) or when such is preceded by a modifier such as no, one, any, first (no such proposal, one such proposal) Table 3. Such + Noun in Asian Corpora Corpus Total number of Such + Noun Use of a/an or Standard Use Non-Standard Use Indeterminate Use No. % No. % No. % ICE PHI 256 224 87.5 20 7.8 12 4.7 ICE SIN 282 259 91.8 17 6.0 6 2.1 ICE HK 419 318 75.9 71 16.9 30 7.2 Examples: the House of Representatives is not attempting to raise the standard of ethical perfection for our political leadership nay for all of us. Such person does not walk the earth today even after Jesus Christ redeemed mankind from original sin. (PHI.s)
Examples: But the President said he is willing to do that for the sake of the people if such act would bring down the oil prices. (PHI.w) We hope that with such instrument given to our students thereby they will be able to make use of the CADCAM facilities. (SIN.s) Examples: but anyway the documents uh of the Po Leung Kuk Archives do reflect such disguise and I will uh explain about uhm the Archives later. (HK.w)
Colloquial Singapore English: Nobody eat uh only him. He doesnt like such thing one you know. He doesnt order this kind. (SIN.s)
Hong Kong data: And so I want to find such kind of job. (HK.s) We have such thing called shop houses. (HK.s)
The indeterminate (i.e. borderline) cases are those where anaphoric reference takes place, with such + noun referring in meaning and form to a previous utterance. Examples: In case of an approved absence, the event is recorded in the faculty class record, but such absence is not counted toward a students excess, as indicated in Section 6.5. (PHI.w)
{such absence > an approved absence} Examples: A planting holemust be dug and backfilled with a good quality top soil and compost mixture. It would also be advantageous to add more of such soil mixture to form a mound. (SIN.w)
{such soil mixture > such soil and compost mixture} Analysis: In the Philippine context, the appearance of such without an article preceding singular noun might be the result of applying a simplification rule, something along the lines of use such without an article in all instances since, after all, that is the rule. The verb assure requires an indirect object followed by a (that)-clause direct object. (Quirk et al., 1985:1213) Table 4. Assure in I CE Corpora Corpus Occurrences of Assure + Indirect Object (Standard Use) Indirect Object and other non- standard uses (Non-Standard Use) Followed by a simple Noun Phrase (Indeterminate Use) No. % No. % No. % ICE PHI 75 55 73.3 9 12.0 11 14.7 ICE SIN 42 37 88.1 4 9.5 1 2.4 ICE HK 33 23 69.7 7 21.2 3 9.1 ICE GB 18 17 94.4 0 0.0 1 5.6 Examples: The President assured he is not merely laying down the basis to declare Martial Law. (PHI.s) He assured that in addition he is planning to send a set of moldings to inject. (SIN.s) Examples: this will allow us to investigate the exact cause of the failure and assure that this does not occur again in any future productions. (HK.w)
The indeterminate use category in the table earlier refers to a noticeable variation in the use of assure in the corpora, its use with a simple noun phrase as direct object, i.e. assure not completed by an indirect object and a (that)- clause direct object but assure simply completed by a noun phrase direct object. Examples: That they would assure the rapid development and improvement of our military capability. (PHI.s) the review process should be set up for efficiency and effectiveness while assuring the protection of public health and environmental safety. (PHI.w) Examples: And Asias upcoming Tiger Vietnam assures its commitment to foreign investors. (SIN.s) Excellent point I would have to say that that assures the efficiency and power that Lego ad hoc has... (HK.w) Analysis: The use of assure without an indirect object in the Philippine data may again be the result of a simplification process, abetted by the fact that in Philippine languages noun phrases can be dropped optionally. Since the indirect object can be determined from the context and occasionally seems redundant, that might be the explanation for the inclination to drop it. The canonical use of wherein is given by Collins COBUILD Dictionary (1987:1661), which labels wherein as a formal and old-fashioned word; it is a relative pronoun that means in which place and in which part or respect. Table 5. Wherein in the different Corpora Corpus Occurrences of Wherein ICE PHI 78 ICE SIN 0 ICE HK 2 ICE GB 1 Wherein is used in both speech and writing (surprisingly, in speech so far more than in writing), in dialogic and monologic speech, in informal and formal text categories. It appeared in conversation, class lessons, broadcast discussions and interviews, parliamentary debates, legal cross- examinations, business transactions, unscripted speeches, legal presentations, student untimed essays, social letters, and news press reports among others. Examples: Yeah just like the Flintstones that Flintstones advertisement wherein the kid one time uhm her Mom went out oh I think went to work. (PHI.s) Conversation Yes one potential danger if you have fall-outs from the volcanic eruption is you get a very irritating skin disease wherein you have a freckle-like uh spots. (PHI.s) Broadcast Discussion Examples: Then there was the Moscow Treaty wherein Germany and USSR agreed that they will not use violence on each others territories. (PHI.w) Student Exam Essay Dont worry about weight because it is a very small tool wherein you could put the whole container into your back pocket.(PHI.w) Social Letter But wherein also corresponds to in which, by which, through which, etc. in other varieties of English, when where is inappropriate and the speaker/writer would need to choose the right preposition before which. As further proof, consider the fact that many of the instances of wherein in the data appear to substitute for the Tagalog all-purpose linker and relativizer na, which links words, phrases, and clauses. Examples: And I dont like her reasoning na she doesnt wanna pay me because its not her priority because I have money. (PHI.s) Will it be some kind of a lovers quarrel na after a short period of time theyre back in bed but under more honorable conditions. (PHI.s)