EDD 507: COMPARATIVE EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIN CAMPUS
CITY OF BALANGA

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Presented by:
MAR-ELEN FE G. RENOSA
Ed.D. Student
LOURDES S. SANTOS, Ed. D.
Professor
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
(GAD)
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
Overview of GAD Concepts
Philippine set up
Experience
Challenges
GAD
OVERVIEW OF
GAD CONCEPTS
GENDER is very much related to SEX and many people are often
confused about the distinction between sex and gender.
Whats the difference?
SEX GENDER
is the biological attributes of a
person which define humans
as either male or female. It is
universal and can not be
changed.

is socially determined and culturally
defined. It changes across time, age and
culture.
It is a learned behavior.
-refers to the economic, social and
cultural attributes and opportunities
associated with being male or female in
a particular point in time and the
societal structures that support them.
SEX
GENDER
BIOLOGICAL


Born with
SOCIALLY
CONSTRUCTED

Not born with
CANT BE
CHANGED
Only women can give
birth; Only men can
supply sperm.
CHANGEABLE
Women can do traditional
male jobs as well as men
can take good care of
children as women do.
DETERMINANTS OF SEX
GENITALIA Vagina
Clitoris
Penis
FEMALE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
Uterus
Ovary
Testes
CHROMOSOMES
XX
XY
HORMONES
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Androgen
Sex Role and Gender Roles
A function or role
which a male or
female assumes
because of the
basic
physiological or
anatomical
differences
between the
sexes
SEX ROLES GENDER ROLES
Same in all societies;
they are universal
May differ from
society to society
Never change with
history
Can change with
history
Can be performed by
only one of the sexes
Can be performed by
both sexes
They are biologically
determined
They are socially,
culturally determined
FAMILY
SCHOOL
Gender Socialization is shaped by:

HISTORY
STATE
MASS MEDIA RELIGION
Manifestations of GENDER BIAS
MARGINALIZATION SUBORDINATION
MULTIPLE BURDEN STEREOTYPING
PERSONAL
SUBORDINATION
Power relationship where
men are expected to take on
leadership and women are
expected to support or
subordinate themselves to men.

The subordination of
womens capabilities to think
and decide for themselves affect
different areas of life: family,
work and even politics.
MARGINALIZATION
Womens work is not
valued/ undervalued.
Women are paid less than
men for productive work.
Women have less
access to and control over
resources and benefits.
refers to a condition where a whole category of people
is excluded from useful and meaningful participation
in political, economic, social, and cultural life.
Marginalized refers to the basic disadvantaged, or
vulnerable person or groups who are mostly living in
poverty and have little or no access to land and other
resources, basic social and economic services such as
health care, education, water and sanitation,
employment and livelihood opportunities, housing,
social security, physical infrastructure; and the justice
system.
-RA 9710 (August 14, 2009)
GENDER
STEREOTYPING
Fixed
unquestioned beliefs.
Images we carry in
the back of our minds
about women and
men.
Transmitted from
generation to
generation.
MULTIPLE BURDEN
Refers to the increasing duties
and responsibilities that women
are expected to take on without
similar expected effort from men.

Women are expected to perform
reproductive (domestic) tasks,
other than productive (paid) work,
more than that of men.
PRODUCTIVE
Examples: creating
goods, structures
and services,
running business,
government, etc.


PAID work
REPRODUCTIVE
WORK
Examples: running
the household,
caring for the
children and bread-
earners, etc.

UNPAID because
INVISIBLE work
VS.
DIFFERENTIAL VALUATION
OF MEN AND WOMEN

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Any act of gender-based
violence that results in
psychological, physical or sexual
harm of women United
Nations Declaration Against VAW
DIMINISHED SENSE OF
PERSONHOOD
Lowered Self-Esteem

Decreased Control Over
Ones Body
Inherently aggressive and violent
Dont feel pain or incapable of
experiencing human emotions
Inherently expressive in their
sexuality
Dont need closeness, reassurance,
and attention
Some Gender Biases Against Men
This is not a war of the sexes.
Women and men have differential experiences, and in
general, women are at a disadvantaged position.
Both women and men are stakeholders, so everyone
should contribute to changing the situation.
Gender mainstreaming is necessary to ensure gender equality.
resource allocation
assignment of roles and responsibilities
transactional processes
problem analysis
Problems begin when confusion on sex and
gender find its way into decisions affecting:
Because of these, women and
men are boxed into situations which constrain their
Capacity to do and capacity to be

AND
hinder their potential to attain a full and
satisfying life
VISION FOR A GENDER-FAIR SOCIETY
End Marginalization:
Equal Pay for
Work of Equal Value
End Stereotyping:
Liberation from
Stereotyped Images
End Subordination:
Quality Participation
In Decision-Making
End Multiple Burden:
Shared Parenting and
Housework
End VAW:
Freedom from Violence
and Harassment
Development is about attaining a full and
satisfying life for all.
It is a shared responsibility -

of everyone regardless of age, sex, religion, ethnicity or class
of the government as duly mandated authority
of all individuals and entities who benefit from development
or are affected by the lack of it

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
WHAT IS GAD, then?
GAD is about recognizing
that gender biases impede development.
GAD is a development perspective that recognizes the
different roles, interests and needs of women and men.
AND DELIBERATELY ADDRESSES THEM
In the processes of developing, budgeting,
implementing, monitoring and evaluating programs,
projects and services, particularly government agencies
GAD
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
(Philippine Set up)
Human Development
if not engendered is endangered.
This means
Equality of rights between women and men
Women must be regarded as agents and
beneficiaries of change
Wider choices for both women and men and
equal opportunities by women and men to make
those choices.

UNDP Learning and Information Pack
on Gender Mainstreaming (2000)


GENDER MAINSTREAMING
Gender Mainstreaming or Gender and Development (GAD)
mainstreaming is the main strategy for ensuring that the
government pursues gender equality in all aspects of the
development process to achieve the vision of a gender-
responsive society where women and men equally contribute
to and benefit from development.
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
It is a set of processes and strategies aimed at recognizing
and addressing gender issues in legislation, policies,
programs and projects and institutional mechanisms of the
government on a sustained basis. It is essentially
institutionalizing gender concerns in the mainstream
development processes and agenda and not just in the
peripheral programs and projects of the government.
Strategic Objectives for Gender Mainstreaming
Ensure equal access to education
Eradicate illiteracy among women
Improve womens access to vocational training, science and
continuing education
Develop a non-discriminatory education and training
Allocate sufficient resources for and monitor the implementation of
educational reforms
Promote life-long education and training for girls and women
Source: Beijing Platform for Action
The Philippines Harmonized Gender and
Development Guidelines
Proliferation of GAD guidelines
ODA policy environment
DAC/OECD gender equality statements
Philippine Development Forum
Individual donors
Need for simplification and coherence
OECD 2005 Paris Declaration on harmonization and
alignment
Joint efforts of NEDA, ODA GAD Network and NCRFW
Steps taken
Development of the guidelines (September 2003-February
2004)
Validation of the original guidelines (November 2003-February
2004)
Revision (October 2006-November 2007)
Dissemination (beginning January 2005)
Capacity development
Utilization
Monitoring and evaluation

OBJECTIVES

Provide NEDA, ODA donors, Philippine
government agencies, and development
practitioners with a common set of analytical
concepts and tools for integrating gender
concerns into development programs and
projects
Help achieve gender equality in, and empower
women through, projects and programs

Mandates

Philippines
RA 7192 (Women in Development and Nation Building Act)*
PPGD; FPW
ODA donors
Goal endorsed by 1995 DAC High Level Meeting*
Bilateral and multilateral GAD policies
Philippines and ODA donors
Paris Declaration of 2005: harmonization
WOMENS ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
HUMAN RIGHTS
GENDER-RESPONSIVE
GOVERNANCE
The Philippine
Framework Plan for
Women
Principles
Equality between women and men is a key womens human
right
Participation in development is crucial to the empowerment
of women and men
Gender equality means promoting equal participation of
women as agents of economic, social, and political change
Achieving equality between women and men may involve the
introduction of specific measures designed to eliminate gender
inequalities and inequities
Existing laws addressing Violence Against
Women and Children (VAWC)
RA 7877 Anti-Sexual Harassment Law
RA 8353 Anti-Rape Law
RA 8505 Rape Victim Assistance Law
RA 6955 Anti-Mail Order Bride Law
RA 9208 Anti-trafficking in Persons Act

Existing laws protecting women in the
workplace
RA 6972 Day Care Law
RA 8187 Paternity Leave Act
RA 6725 An Act Strengthening the Prohibition on
Discrimination Against Women with Respect to Terms and
Conditions of Employment
RA 9710 Magna Carta of Women
Salient features of the law include:
Increasing the number of women in third level positions in government to achieve a fifty-
fifty (50-50) gender balance within the next five years while the composition of women in all
levels of development planning and program implementation will be at least 40 percent;
Leave benefits of two (2) months with full pay based on gross monthly compensation for
women employees who undergo surgery caused by gynecological disorders, provided that
they have rendered continuous aggregate employment service of at least six (6) months for
the last twelve (12) months;
Non-discrimination in employment in the field of military, police and other similar services
that include according the same promotional privileges and opportunities as their men
counterpart, including pay increases, additional benefits, and awards, based on competency
and quality of performance.

RA 9710 Magna Carta of Women
Provision for equal access and elimination of discrimination in education,
scholarships, and training. Thus, "expulsion, non-readmission, prohibiting
enrollment, and other related discrimination of women students and faculty due
to pregnancy out of marriage shall be outlawed.
Non-discriminatory and non-derogatory portrayal of women in media and film to
raise the consciousness of the general public in recognizing the dignity of women
and the role and contribution of women in family, community, and the society
through the strategic use of mass media;
Equal status given to men and women on the titling of the land and issuance of
stewardship contracts and patents.
http://pcw.gov.ph/law/republic-act-9710
Retrieved October 19, 2013
GAD
Experience
(Philippines)
An Overview of the Gender Situation in the Philippines
By Carlos Antonio Q. Anonuevo
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Philippine Office
(September 2000)
The socio-cultural traditions are clashing with the MTV and cyberspace generation.
The long history of colonialism has embedded a patriarchal culture among
Filipinos. The conception of women as full-time homemakers, as subordinated to
men, violence against them is private, as reserve labor force, and as sexual objects is
now being eroded by modern women asserting themselves in many aspects of life.
But on the other hand, some are either marginalized, discriminated, or even
exploited by the harsh realities of global economy and consumerism.
http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/philippinen/50069.pdf
Retrieved October 19, 2013
Continuation
An Overview of the Gender Situation in the Philippines
The gender situation in the Philippines is characterized by sharp
contradictions. It graphically showcases samples of womens
advancement in politics, academic and professional excellence, and even
legislation. But this is contrasted by images of prostituted women,
battered wives, economically disadvantaged women and exploited
migrant workers.
Role of
Media
Society shows
children at a very
young age what
society expects of
them.
Media plays an
enormous
contribution to
stereotypical gender
roles.
Role of
Media
Society shows
children at a very
young age what
society expects of
them.
Media plays an
enormous
contribution to
stereotypical gender
roles.
GAD
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
IN EDUCATION
The Challenge
Our Role as Educators:
To be gender sensitive and responsive
Ensure that our students are exposed to
gender fair/responsive perspectives and are
allowed to make informed choices.
This can be done thru
GENDER MAINSTREAMING

What do we mainstream?
gender equality as a fundamental value that should
be reflected in development choices
gender equality is not just a woman issue but a
societal one
gender equality goals that influence economic and
social policies that deliver major resources
gender equality pursued from the center rather
than from the margins
What do we mainstream?
Women as decision makers about social values
and development directions
women as well as men in a position influence
the entire agenda and basic priorities
Collective efforts by women to redefine the
development agenda
Why Gender Mainstreaming?
Previous approaches were not resulting in
real change in the position of women and
gender equality
Gender equality is integral to development
goals
What are Emerging Understanding of the Problem?
Shift in Understanding of the Problem

Early Approaches Current Thinking
Analysis:
Women left out
Women lack:
education
training
credit self-esteem
Analysis: Social structures and processes recreate
inequalities between women and men in:
resources
opportunities
decision-making
Problem: Women Problem: inequality between women and men
Approach:
Women must change their attributes to be
integrated into development
Approach: society and institutions must change
ideas and practices in support of equal choices
and opportunities
Where or in Which Activities/Areas We Do
Mainstreaming?
Policy development
Research
Advocacy/dialogue
Legislation
Resource allocation
Planning, implementing and monitoring and evaluation of
programs and projects
GAD Mainstreaming
How Do We Mainstream in Education?
What are Areas of Concern in Education Related to Prevention
of Violence and Against Women and Children?
Lack of a clear philosophy of education for gender and
development
Curriculum that addresses gender concerns in textbooks
Gender-sensitization of teachers
Sexism and stereotyping
Limited mechanisms to ensure womens participation
Trafficking
Gender sensitive career guidance
Values education that directly address issues on
discrimination, biases, human rights values
Sexual harassment
Child molests by kins
Multiple-burden etc.
Domestic violence
Rape
Feminization of overseas employment
Insufficient tools and methodologies for gender
development
Law appreciation among government officials and the
bureaucracy about the importance of gender
mainstreaming, etc.

Responsibilities of DepEd to VAWC
a) Conduct training for teachers on VAWC
b) Conduct GST
c) Develop gender-fair curricula, produce gender-responsive Instructional
Materials
d) Train principals/teachers on the preparation of application for BPOs
e) Develop protocols in handling students, personnel, teachers who are
suspected to be victim-survivors or perpetrators of VAWC
f) Establish school-based intervention programs for VAWC
The Future (Vision)
Gender fair
students/administrators/schools
Gender sensitive governance
Promotion, valuation and recognition of
women/girl-children contribution to
development
Gender equality
References
http://www.neda.gov.ph/references/Guidelines/HarmonizedGADGuidelines_13Jan05_Reducedsize.pdf
http://www.neda.gov.ph/references/Guidelines/HarmonizedGADGuidelines_13Jan05_Reducedsize.pdf
http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics/core-gad-indicators
http://pcw.gov.ph/law/republic-act-9710
http://psy430genderroles.wikispaces.com/Gender+Roles+in+Media+and+Society
http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/philippinen/50069.pdf
http://www.genderbiasbingo.com/index.html

Thank
you
very
much!
God bless.

-Mar- Elen Fe
Guevara-Reosa