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C
t
= 0.035 for steel moment resisting frame
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
49
1630.2.1 Design base shear.
(0.11 Ca I): this coefficient is also independent of
the period of vibration. It is a lower
bound value, keeping V at some
minimum value.
Earthquake Load UBC 97
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
50
Earthquake Load UBC 97
1630.2.1 Design base shear.
(Cv I / R T): acceleration factor (also known as a
seismic base shear coefficient). This coefficient
will govern V for buildings with medium to long
fundamental period of vibrations. The forces in
these buildings are induced by the velocity
component of the bedrock motion. Hence the "v"
subscript.
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
51
Earthquake Load UBC 97
1630.2.1 Design base shear.
(2.5 Ca I/R): this coefficient is independent of the period
of vibration. It will govern V for buildings with short
fundamental periods of vibrations, like the buildings
being studied in this class. The forces in these stiff
buildings are generated by the acceleration
component of the bedrock motion. Hence the "a
subscript.
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
52
Earthquake Load UBC 97
1630.2.1 Design base shear.
(0.82 N v I / R): this lower bound coefficient is only
applicable to structures located in seismic zone 4 and
within 9.3 miles (15 km) of a known seismic fault.
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
53
Earthquake Load UBC 97
Typical Base shear coefficient for Masonry
Typical base shear coefficient values for a regular, single-
story masonry building not located near a fault. In addition,
we conservatively assumed that a geotechnical site
investigation was not completed. Because this type of
building is so stiff, the (2.5 Ca I / R) coefficient governs V.
Zone Coefficient
1 V = .067W
2a V = .122W
2b V = .156W
3 V = .200W
4 V = .244W
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
54
Vertical distribution: Total force shall be distributed
over height in the following manner:
V=F
t
+ F
x
Concentrated force F
t
at top shall determined by:
Force F
x
at each level including level n:
Earthquake Load UBC 97
.07TV .25V
Ft =
0 if T .7 sec.
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
The single story building is a special
case. In most cases, T .7 and F
t
then
is taken as zero.
From equation 30-15:
55
Earthquake Load UBC 97
Vertical distribution:
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
Calculate and distribute the base shear for a
five story residential steel building 50 ft high,
located at Peshawar. Assuming S
D
soil
profile.
V = (0.11 Ca I) W V = (Cv I/R T) * W V = (2.5 Ca I/R) * W
56
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
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Z = 0.2 Table 16.I
C
a
= 0.28 Table 16-Q
C
V
= 0.40 Table 16-R
I = 1 Table 16-K
R = 4.5 Table 16-N
T = C
t
h
n
= (.035)(50)
= 0.66 sec
Base Shear Example
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
V = (0.11 Ca I) W V = (Cv I/R T) * W V = (2.5 Ca I/R) * W
(0.11 Ca I) = 0.0308
(Cv I/R T) = 0.1347
(2.5 Ca I/R) = 0.1556
Therefore base shear is equal to:
V = 0.1347W
58
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
59
Total force shall be distributed over height in the
following manner:
Earthquake Load UBC 97
W5
W3
W2
W1
W4
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
As T < 0.7 therefore Ft = 0
W
2
= W
3
= W
5
= 14 kips
W
1
= W
4
= 20 kips
W = 14 x 3 + 20 x 2 = 82 kips
V = 0.1347 x 82 = 11.04 kips
60
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
i. Story level 1: F
1
W
x
h
x
= 20 x 10 = 200 k-ft
W
i
h
i
= 20 x 10 + 14 x 20 + 14 x 30 + 20 x 40 + 14 x 50 = 2400 k-ft
F
1
= 0.92 kips
61
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
i. Story level 2: F
2
W
x
h
x
= 14 x 20 = 280 k-ft
W
i
h
i
= 20 x 10 + 14 x 20 + 14 x 30 + 20 x 40 + 14 x 50 = 2400 k-ft
F
2
= 1.29 kips
62
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
i. Story level 3: F
3
W
x
h
x
= 14 x 30 = 420 k-ft
W
i
h
i
= 20 x 10 + 14 x 20 + 14 x 30 + 20 x 40 + 14 x 50 = 2400 k-ft
F
3
= 1.93 kips
63
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
i. Story level 4: F
4
W
x
h
x
= 20 x 40 = 800 k-ft
W
i
h
i
= 20 x 10 + 14 x 20 + 14 x 30 + 20 x 40 + 14 x 50 = 2400 k-ft
F
4
= 3.68 kips
64
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Base Shear Example
i. Story level 5: F
5
W
x
h
x
= 14 x 50 = 700 k-ft
W
i
h
i
= 20 x 10 + 14 x 20 + 14 x 30 + 20 x 40 + 14 x 50 = 2400 k-ft
F
5
= 3.22 kips
65
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
66
The average Time Period (in years) based on
geological and historical records in which there is a
good statistical probability that an earthquake of a
certain magnitude or a hurricane will recur is called
Mean Return Period or Recurrence Interval R.
Probability that an event will be exceeded at least once in
the n years is
P
n
= 1-( 1-1/R)
n
Probability of Exceedence of the event in any one year
is the inverse of the Mean Return Period = 1/R
Mean Return Period
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
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Considering 150mph with a return period of, say, 100years
is Reasonable as compared to 500mph with a return period of,
say, 1000 years.
Mean Return Period
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
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P
50
=1-( 1-1/95)
50
=1- 0.589
= 0.41 or 41%
Example:- A structure expected to have a life of 50 years built
in locality where mean recurrence interval of an windstorm of
150mph is 95 yrs. The probability that structure will
encounter an windstorm exceeding 150mph during its life is?
There is 41 percent chances that the structure will be
exposed to a windstorm exceeding 150mph.
Mean Return Period
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
69
P
50
=1-( 1-1/95)
50
=1- 0.589
= 0.41 or 41%
Example:- A structure expected to have a life of 50 years built
in locality where mean recurrence interval of an earthquake
of 0.4g is 95 yrs. The probability that structure will encounter
an earthquake exceeding 0.4g during its life is?
There is 41 percent chances that the structure will be exposed
to an earthquake exceeding 0.4g
Mean Return Period
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
70
Uniform Building Code specifies that the earthquake for
which a building has to be designed should correspond to an
earthquake with a return period of 475 years.
Assuming that a building has service life of 50 years. The
probability that it will experience and earthquake of mean
return period 475 in its design life would be:
P
50
=1 - ( 1 - 1/475)
50
=1- 0.90
= 0.01 or 10%
Mean Return Period
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
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Spring Example
It is customary to express Impact load as
percentage of static force.
Effect of impact load is taken into account in
calculation of loads.
If impact is 25 %, Live load is multiplied by 1.25
According to AISC live load on hangers
supporting floor and balcony construction should
be increased by one-third for impact.
Impact Load
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
72
1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W
3. 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E
D = dead load
L = Live load
W = Wind load
E = Earthquake load
ASD Load combinations
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
73
You can use following load combinations with the
parameter ALSTRINC (Allowable Strength
Increase) to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load
1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
ASD Load combinations
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
74
LRFD Load Combinations
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(L
r
or S or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(L
r
or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D +1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5(L
r
or S or R)
5. 1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S
6. 0.9D (1.3W or 1.0E
D = Dead load L = Live load
L
r
= Roof Live Load W = Wind load
S = Snow Load E = Earthquake load
R = Rain Water or Ice
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
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Why only Dead load in equation (1) ?
There may be a significant live load on a
structure during construction.
Moreover, the structure may have not
reached its full 28 days strength as further
construction is usually carried out .
LRFD Load Combinations
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
76
Example: increase in dead load on the ground floor due bricks
lying on the roof for the construction of the first floor
LRFD Load Combinations
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
77
Why negative sign in equation (6) ?
It accounts for the stability of structures due
to lateral loadings.
LRFD Load Combinations
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
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The stabilizing effect of gravity is reduced and the destabilizing
effect of lateral load due to wind or earthquake is increased to
have the worse situation
LRFD Load Combinations
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
79
Example: Roof beams W16X31, spaced 7ft-0in center-to-center,
support a superimposed dead load of 40 psf. Code specified roof
loads are 30 psf downward (due to roof live load, snow, or rain)
and 20 psf upward or downward (due to wind). Determine the
critical loading for LRFD.
D = 31 plf + 40 psf X 7.0 ft = 311 plf
L = 0
(Lr or S or R) = 30 psf X 7.0 ft = 210 plf
W = 20 psf X 7.0 ft = 140 plf
E = 0
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
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1) 1.4D
1.4(311 plf) = 435 plf
2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2(311 plf) + 0 + 0.5(210 plf) = 478 plf
3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W)
1.2(311 plf) + 1.6 (210 plf) +0.8(140 plf) = 821 plf
4) 1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2(311 plf) + 1.3(140 plf) + 0 +0.5(210 plf) = 660 plf
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
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5) 1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S
1.2(311 plf) + 0 + 0 + 0.2(210 plf) = 415 plf
6) 0.9D (1.3W or 1.0E)
a) 0.9 (311 plf) + 1.3 (140 plf) = 462 plf
b) 0.9(311 plf) - 1.3(140 plf) = 98 plf
The critical factored load combination for design is the third, with
a total factored load of 821 plf.
CE-409: Lecture 03 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
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Thank You!