INTRO

One of the four big cats in the genus

Panthera
Member of the family felidae
Live for 10-14 years in a wild
Wild lion currently exist in sub-saharan Africa
and in Asia



Social behavior
Lion live matriarchal group called a pride
A pride typically has a territory,defended by 1-3
males for 2-4 years against nomadic males
Lions are active at night and spend the most of
the day resting
Male cubs are evicted when they reach sexual
maturity, at 2-4 years of age. These evicted males
form groups called coalitions
Males may form coalitions with unrelated
individuals, but coalitions are most often
composed of relatives.

Social behavior
female offspring is usually recruited into the
pride, whereas male offspring always disperse. As
males reach adulthood, they try to attain control
of a pride of females by ousting the resident
males
The new males of the pride will, after the
takeover, kill or away the old male or
males. If the females of the pride have suckling
offspring by the former male, the new males will
kill them also.
Social behavior

Mating behavior
Lions has no particular breeding seasons
During mating, the female dissociates from the pride,
consorts with the male during entire mating period and
then rejoins the pride
Courtship may be initiated by either member of the pair
who remain close during the oestrus period. The female
usually invites copulation by lordosis.
There is little competition amongst pride males during
mating. Instead of fighting to be the first to mate a female
in oestrus, a male will follow her around very closely at the
first signs of oestrus onset. Other males keep their distance
unless there is a clear size difference, in which case a larger
male may fight a smaller one.
Mating behavior
This works because females have a long oestrus
period and copulate many times during that
period. Males may lose interest before the end of
an oestrus period, giving patient males a chance.
Due to the common synchrony of reproduction
there is often more than one female in heat at
any one time. A lioness mates up to 100 times
per day with an average interval of 17 minutes,
each mating lasting for c. 21 seconds.


Mating behavior
During the periods between copulation
the pair may lie down next to each
other or walk a short distance.
Male cats have spines on their penis to
cause slight trauma to the vagina upon
withdrawal. The resulting pain triggers
ovulation.
Hunting activities to
get food
Preferred to hunt
over the moonless
night
Cause they have
superior vision
Rest of the time
sleep . Sometimes
could achieve 20
hours a day.
Favourite animals to
prey
Herbivores types
such as
zebra,buffalo,
wildebeest.
Number of species at
particular sites varies
14 to 20 species.
Size of the animals
usually medium size
dominate their diet
(et al. (2008) and
Breur (2005) in West
and Central of Africa.
Warthog is a delicacy
in many places.
Has higher expected
encounter rate
Highest hunting
success rate for this
species.
Probably due to
same habitat,
opportunities
predation easy to
kill.

Lions hunt individuals or groups.
Hunting method usually used
jump on the prey`s back and bite their neck.
hook the prey`s nose with a paw and flip the rest of
animal over while holding the head still.
In groups, several lions will hold down the prey while
one lion will attack the prey roughly.
In group hunting, always strategies to prey on
animals.
Experienced lions placed themselves in escape
route of the herd of preys. Less experienced
lions- scared the preys and make them running
into the ambush set prepared by the
experienced lions.
Schaller (1972) and Stander & Albon (1993)
observed that group hunting has more
successful rate compare to individual hunting.
The agonistic behavior between males for mates has led to
the evolution of a wide variety of sexually dimorphic traits.

These traits generally serve as a weapon or signals to
advertise male quality to rivals (Andersson , 1994) and
some protective vales (Geist 1966).

West and Parker 2002 proved that mane serves primarily
as a conditioning dependent signal

Usually males with darker manes shows higher level of
testosterone , longer life expectancy and greater survival
after wounding and their cubs enjoys survival.
The mane`s hypothesized protective function
depends on three assumption.

Fights between lions are common or
dangerous enough to warrant protection
The mane area is frequent or vulnerable
target
The mane confers significant protection with
more exaggerated phenotypes providing
better protection.

Agonistic behavior
specifically female




Female usually will adjusted their behavior due to surrounding.
Female are less likely to approach the intruders. However, when they
did , become more cautious.
They will become very aggressive if intruders approach them and
usually happen when the cubs are present.
The value of the territory to the pride becomes greater while they are
rearing young. Female usually ignore the challenge (present of cubs),
make them vulnerable to sudden attack.
Female doing roaring contest between social groups competitors to
adjust agnostic behavior according to number of individual within a
group.
Advantage provide the selective pressure for sociality in lions that they
had and shared same resources
fitness benefit that could derived from the development of numerical
assesment skills.