petrologi

2 SKS teori
1 SKS praktikum
by:
hill. gendoet hartono
Semester 2, 2012-2013
Senin, jam 09.15 10.05
jam 10.05 11.55
Grading:
20 % quizzes and task
30 % mid test
50 % final test

Hari/Tgl Materi yang diajarkan Remark
Senin/4-3-2013 PENDAHULUAN
Berisi tentang latarbelakang, difinisi, kedudukan
petrologi di dalam geologi dan siklus batuan
Senin/11-3-2013
dan 18-3-2013
GENESIS MAGMA
Berisi tentang asal usul magma, siklus batuan, dan
batuan beku dan gunung api, karakteristik batuan
2x pertemuan
Senin/25-3-2013
dan 01-4-2013
MINERAL PEMBENTUK BATUAN
Berisi tentang seri Bowen, klasifikasi, pemerian
batuan beku dan batuan gunung api, genesisnya
2x pertemuan
21-30 Apr
2013
Ujian Tengah Semester
T.A. 2012-2013
1x pertemuan
1x pertemuan
The
Rock Cycle in
STTNAS

What is the
Rock Cycle ?
The Rock Cycle explains
how Rocks and Natural Processes
are related
weathering
Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
adalah urutan kejadian yang melibatkan
pembentukan, perubahan, kehancuran,
dan reformasi batuan sebagai akibat
dari proses alami ...

Glossary of Geology, Bates & Jackson, AGI
Rock Cycle
A more traditional definition is:
The
Rock
Cycle
The Rock Cycle
The Rock Cycle
Mineral - suatu yang terjadi secara alami
padat, zat anorganik dengan komposisi
kimia tertentu dan struktur molekul.
Mineral pembentuk batuan - ada 2.500
mineral, 90% dari semua batuan dibuat
hanya dari 15 mineral-mineral tsb.
The Rock Cycle
Batuan Sedimen - terbentuk dari sedimen.
Characteristics include:
distinct layers
fragments/pieces of other rocks
organic composition (fossils)
range in particle size -OR- mostly one
sized particles.
The Rock Cycle
Non-Sedimentary Rock - formed by heat
and pressure. These rocks are known as
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Igneous Rock - visible crystals
Metamorphic Rock
banding - parallel lines made by
crystals
bent or folded lines of crystals
foliation - crystals line up in 1 direction
The Rock Cycle involves the
recognition of three main
classes of rocks. All three types
are found in Yogyakarta
The three rock types are
CEMETERY
METABOLIC
INGENIOUS
Sedimentary
Rocks
Metamorphic
Rocks
Igneous
Rocks
Right?


The eminent 18th century
lawyer, doctor, gentleman
farmer and founder of
modern geoscience,
James Hutton,
developed the concept of
the Rock Cycle to show
how rocks and natural,
physical processes are
interrelated.
Hutton knew about solar energy
and gravity at the surface. He
did not know about radioactive
heating from inside the earth.
As a result, the Rock Cycle
will be self-sustaining for
thousands of millions of years.
Solar energy, gravity and
radioactive heating are the major
forces driving the Rock Cycle.
Mantel, kerak dan permukaan bumi dapat dianggap
sebagai mesin daur ulang raksasa;
batuan yang tidak diciptakan atau dihancurkan,
tetapi didistribusikan kembali dan berubah dari
satu jenis batuan yang menjadi batuan yang lain.
I
M
S
Diagram of the Interior of
the Earth
Crust
0 to 40 km
0C
Upper Mantle
40 to 670 km
1,000C
Lower Mantle
670 to 2,890 km
2,000C
Outer Core
2,890 to 5,150 km
3,700C
Inner Core
5,150 to 6,370 km
4,300C
selesai
.
Minerals make up rocks.
Natural compounds
and elements combine
to form minerals.
Elements combine to form
the natural compounds.
Rocks make up the Earth.
There is a hierarchy to the
elements of Geology

Atoms make up elements.




Elements can be arranged, based on their
identifiable properties, into the Periodic Table
Atomic Theory proposes that all matter is
composed of the atoms of about 100 different
chemical elements. It further proposes that
chemical compounds are formed by the combination
of the atoms of different chemical elements.
Only eight elements make up over 98%
of the earths crust!
Mg Na
K
O
Si Al
Fe Ca
.
Minerals make up rocks.
Natural compounds
and elements combine
to form minerals.
Elements combine to form
the natural compounds.
Rocks make up the Earth.
There is a hierarchy to the
elements of Geology

Atoms make up elements.




What are Minerals?
How can we tell what they are?

The identifiable characteristics
of Minerals are
naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds
having an orderly internal structure
and a characteristic chemical composition,
crystal form and
physical properties of a solid
There are over 300 minerals
found in Michigan.

alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite,
annabergite, anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite,
apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite, argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, atacamite, attapulgite,
augite,awarurite, axinite, azurite, babingtonite, baddeleyite, barite, bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite, beryl,
biotite, bismuthinite, blomstrandine, bornite, bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite, bronzite, brookite,
brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite, calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite, calumetite,
carnallite, carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalconatronite,
chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite, chamosite, chert, chloanthite, chlorargyrite, chlorastrolite, chlorite, clinochlore, clino-
chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum,
covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite, dahllite, datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite, diallage,
diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite, domeykite, forsterite, francolite,
freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite,
halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,
hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite,
ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite,
kearsargeite, keweenawite, kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite,
lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite,
marcasite, margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite, maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite,
mercury, mesolite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite, microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite,
mohawk-algodonite, mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite,
natrolite, neltnerite, neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite, orthoclase,
ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite,
paxite, pectolite, pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite,
phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite, picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite,
plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite, priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope,
pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene, pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite, rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite,
riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile, salite, salt, sanidine, saponite, saussurite,
scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine,
siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite, soapstone, specularite, spessartite, sphalerite, sphene, spinel,
spodumene, staurolite, steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur,
sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite, szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite, tetrahedrite,
thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz, tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite,
troilite, tyrolite, uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite, viridite, vivianite,
vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon,
zoisite, zonochlorite
Each mineral has its own set
of uniquely identifiable
properties or characteristics
Minerals combine to form Rocks
Some Rocks are made up of just one mineral -
like the sedimentary rock salt (made up of
the mineral halite) that is mined near Detroit.
Others Rocks are made up of many
minerals - like the igneous rock granite
and the metamorphic rock gneiss,
found near Marquette.
The igneous rock granite can
be physically weathered to
produce clay and sand.
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Sand can become sandstone.
Clay can become shale
These sediments can be transported
deposited and lithified to form
sedimentary rocks.
The metamorphic rock gneiss
can be physically weathered
to produce clay and sand.
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Sand can become sandstone.
Clay can become shale
These sediments can be transported
deposited and lithified to form
sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks can be physically
weathered to produce sediments that
can become other sedimentary rocks.
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Chemical weathering dissolves the minerals in rocks.
The resulting dissolved compounds could form evaporites
like rock salt or rock gypsum or chemical precipitates like
some kinds of limestones. What forms depends upon
composition and depositional environment factors.
H
2
O + CO
2
H
2
CO
3






2KAlSi
3
O
8
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O
Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
+ 2K
+
+ 4SiO
2

Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Becoming an IGNEOUS ROCK
When magma cools to a solid it becomes an igneous
rock.
Molten rock is called magma.
Any existing rock igneous, metamorphic or
sedimentary - can be subjected to enough heat and or
pressure causing it to melt.
The kind of igneous rock formed depends on what
was melted and how it cooled.
Igneous rocks are classified based on their
mineral composition and texture.
basalt granite
granodiorite
rhyolite
pegmatite
Igneous rocks found in Michigan include:
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
The Rock Cycle
Pressure,
heat
and fluids
cause
preexisting
rocks or
sediments to
become
metamorphic
rocks
Becoming a METAMORPHIC ROCK
When the prefix meta
is applied to a rock
name that means that
the original rock has
been metamorphosed.
If the igneous rock basalt is exposed to sufficient heat
and or pressure it can be transformed into the
metamorphic rock call metabasalt
Becoming a METAMORPHIC ROCK
If the sedimentary rock sandstone
is metamorphosed it can become
the metamorphic rock quartzite.
If the sedimentary rock limestone or
dolomite is metamorphosed it can
become the metamorphic rock marble.
If the sedimentary rock shale is
metamorphosed it can become the
metamorphic rock slate.
Becoming a METAMORPHIC ROCK
If the metamorphic rock phyllite is
metamorphosed it can become the
metamorphic rock schist.
If the metamorphic rock slate is
metamorphosed it can become the
metamorphic rock phyllite
If the metamorphic rock schist is
metamorphosed it can become the
metamorphic rock gneiss.