Water is a primary component of the

biosphere.
Adequate supplies of clean water are vital for
agriculture, domestic use, recreation, wildlife,
and thousands of manufacturing and mining
process.
Environmental quality play a major role in
development of designs and managament
strategies.


Intensive Livestock production in some areas
of the United State.
Many common used herbicides have been
found in water supplies.
Many municipal waste treatment plants land-
apply waste water and sludge that contains
trace amounts of heavy metals.
Parameters where quality of aquatic habitat
involve
Temperature
Channel characteristics
Turbidity
Dissolved oxygen
pH
Alkalinity
Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
Turbidity
Sediments
macronutrients
Other inorganic
species
Hardness
Organic matter
Salinity
Pesticides
Nonaqueous-phase
liquids
solvent
Oligotrophic clear water with little organic
matter or sediment and minimum
biological activity.
Mesotropic water with more nutrients, and
therefore, more biological
productivity.
Eutropic water extremely rich in nutrients,
with high biological productivity.
Some species may be choked out.
Hypereutropic Murky, highly productive
water, closest to the wetland status.
Many clear water species cannot
survive.
Dystropic low in nutrients, highly colored
with dissolved humic organic
material.
The quality of natural water as habitat for
aquatic species is strongly related to the
amount of oxygen available in water.

The amount of dissolved oxygen (DO)
naturally varies with depth in water column.

Contaminants are naturally occurring, but
their release may be influenced by human
activity.
Contaminants sources that are particularly
important in rural areas include fertilizer,
pesticides, septic tank effluent, animal
wastes, and agricultural and municipal
sludges.
Protozoan cysts range from 2 to 15 microns.
The most common include Giardia lamblia,
Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.
Schitosomiasis is found in streambanks in
the tropic and is a major cause of disease in
those regions.

Bacteria range in size from 0.2 to 0.6
microns.

It can cause cholera (Vibrio cholerae), typhoid
fever (Salmonella serogroup Typhi) and
epidemic dysentery.
Viruses are the smallest microorganisms,
ranging from 0.01 to 0.03 microns.
Enteric viruses infect the gastrointestinal tract
of mammals and are excreted in feces.
Water-borne viruses of particular concern
include hepatitis A, most of which infect the
intestine and/or the upper respiratory tract.
Concentration Units
Molal concentration (molality)
Molar concentration (molarity)
Normal concentration (normnality)
Mass concentration
Equivalent per liter
Parts per million (ppm)
Macronutrients- Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus (P) are the primary
macronutrients of concern with water quality.
In fresh water systems, cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) are able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere,
so P is usually the limiting nutrient.
Nitrogen accounts for about 78% of the
atmosphere, but the dominant gaseous form(N2)
cannot be used directly by most plants.
Inorganic Chemicals
A few of the most common that are subject to
federal regulation include arsenic, barium,
selenium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper,
cyanide, fluoride, lead, mercury, selenium, and
thallium.
Heavy metals typically adsorb to soil minerals or
organic matters, or form complexes or chelates.
Water hardness is defined as the total
concentration of the metallic cations.


Organic Chemicals
It includes thousands of compounds, both synthetic
and natural. Those of greatest concern for water
quality include pesticides, and industrial chemicals.
Organic materials can be quantified with collective
parameters such as :
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Sediments
The most common contaminant and far the largest
(by mass).
Examples
Soil particles that have become suspended either
through erosion from upland areas
Streambank erosion
Detachment of streambed particles

Carbonate and silica biocrystals are a minor
source of sediment.

Biocrystals are formed by organisms such as
mollusk, foraminifers, sponges, and diatoms.

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level (MRDL)
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal
(MRDL)
Treatment Techniques (TT)



The term turbidity refers to the murkiness of
the water. It is quantified by measuring the
degree to which light is scattered by
suspended particulates( sediment and organic
matter) in the water.

Clarification
Filtration
Ion Exchange
Disinfection
Reverse Osmosis
Distillation