PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

FOR PETROLEUM TERMINALS

IN SUB-ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS
Presentation
to

Ports 2004
Objectives
Types of Marine Oil Terminals:
Conventional Piers
Sea Islands
Multi-Buoy & Single Point Moorings
Floating Storage Unit
Facility Selection and Layout Key Factors:
Number, Types and Throughput of Products to be Handled
Size Range of Expected Vessel Fleet
Environmental Conditions (Ice, Waves, Currents, Wind)
Climatic, Bathymetry and Soil Conditions
Project Regulatory Approvals
Overview & Introduction
Siting & Layout of the Navigational Approach and Berth Areas
are critical with respect to risk prevention, berth operability and
investment cost. Key objectives include:
Reducing risks of port passage collisions and grounding.
Minimizing berth downtime via its position and orientation.
Avoiding the need for a protective breakwater.
Selecting a site with favorable bathymetry.
Objectives
Types of Facilities Conventional Piers
Types of Facilities Sea Islands
Characteristics:
Fixed loading platform with
fenders or breasting dolphins.
Mooring points may be buoys
or fixed structures
Connection to shore via
submarine pipelines
Sited to avoid dredging
Types of Facilities Multi-Buoy
Moorings (MBM)
Two types: Conventional Buoy
Mooring (CBM) & All-Buoy
Mooring
CBMs use ships anchors for
forward moorings & 3, 5, or 7
buoys for aft moorings
Lowest cost of all oil terminal
facility types
Prone to highest berth
downtime
BERTH AREA
CONVENTIONAL BUOY MOORING
Types of Facilities Single Point
Moorings (SPM)
Catenary Anchor Leg (CALM)
and Single Anchor Leg
(SALM) Buoy Types
Fixed Towers considered for
sub-arctic ice conditions
Suitable for exposed sites due
to weather-vaning capability
Common for large crude
tankers
Types of Facilities Floating Storage
Operation (FSO)
Many different variations for
crude oil export systems
Tanker or Special Storage
Vessel is permanently moored
Vessel replaces need for
onshore tank farm
Shuttle tankers either moor in
tandem or alongside FSO
Major Planning Factors Comparison
Matrix #1
Comparison Matrix #1
1
Fixed SPM Mooring Tower

A Indicates advantage relative to other alternatives
N Indicates neither advantage nor disadvantage
D Indicates disadvantage relative to other alternatives
Factor Pier Sea Island MBM SPM
1
FSU
Suitability of Handling Barges & Small Coasters
A N D D D
Suitability of Handling Large Crude Tankers D N N A A
Suitability of Handling Wide Range of Ship Sizes A A D N D
Suitability of Handling Multiple Products A N N D D
Suitability of Achieving Product Flow Assurance
A D D D D
Suitability of Adding Second Berth
A A D D D
Major Planning Factors Comparison
Matrix #2
1
Fixed SPM Mooring Tower

A Indicates advantage relative to other alternatives
N Indicates neither advantage or disadvantage
D Indicates disadvantage relative to other alternatives
Comparison Matrix #2
Factor Pier Sea Island MBM SPM
1
FSU
Suitability for Operating in Floating Ice
Suitability for Operating in Sub-Artic Temperatures
Impact of Regulatory/Permitting Requirements
Allowable Mooring Wind Limit
Allowable Mooring Wave Limit
Tug Assistance Required
Investment Cost

Project Schedule

N N D A N
A N D N N
D N A A A
N N D A A
D D N A A
D D N A A
D N A N ---
D D A N ---
Operability & survival level
conditions
Limited site
data/measurements
Ice forces >> Berthing &
Mooring loads
Tidal adfreeze effects
Ice management

Ice Considerations
Environmental Forces:
Orienting berth to minimize mooring forces
Bathymetry-related:
Tradeoff between dredging & trestle length
Delta length of submarine pipelines for each type
Wave transformation from deep water to facility site
Soil Conditions:
Dredging costs
Foundation design and installation costs
Other Planning Factors
Process in Russia dictated by the Technical and
Economical Justification for Construction
Requires significant planning and preparatory work
Affects the project development sequence/definition
Extensive number of codes affect the design of
onshore facilities, piers & channels
Tank farm layout and spacing must consider Water
Conservation Zones & Coastal Protection Strips

Project Regulatory Approvals
Five Basic Types of Marine Facilities for Oil Terminals
Each Type has Advantages and Disadvantages
Onshore tank farm with SPM Tower selected for the
Sakhalin 1 Crude Oil Export Terminal
Summary
15
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