Computer Systems & Programming

(Using C)

Credit Hours: 3:1

Instructor: Mr Muhammad Yousaf
Agenda
 Computer Basics
 I/O Devices
 CPU
 Memory
 Storage
 Software
 MS-Office
 Computer Basics

 A computer is an electronic data

processing device.
 It reads data, processes it and produces
results accurately at a very high speed.
 It executes the instructions in a program.
 What makes a computer
powerful?
 Speed
A computer can do billions of actions per
second.
 Reliability
Failures are usually due to human error,
one way or another.
 Storage
A computer can keep huge amounts of
data.
 Components of a Computer

The two components of the computer are :

 Hardware
 Software
 Hardware
 The physical part of the computer is called
hardware.
 It is any part of the computer that we can touch.
 Hardware describes all the electronic and
mechanical elements of the computer.
 Hardware consists of the following devices

1- Input
2- Processor
3- Memory
4- Output
 1-Input Devices

 The devices through which user enter the

data or instruction into computer is called
input devices.
 The computer accepts data from some
source such as the user or program for
processing.
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Digital camera
 Microphone
 2-Central Processing Unit
(Processor)
 The CPU is the brain behind your
computer.
 The CPU is responsible for performing
calculations and tasks that make programs
work.
 The faster the CPU, the quicker programs
can process computations.
 The speed of processor is measured in
Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (Ghz)
 Parts of CPU
 CPU is divided into two main parts.

i- Control Unit (CU):

This unit controls the over all operation of the
computer.
It coordinates the activities of all other components
of computer.

ii- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

This unit of computer performs the arithmetic and
logical operation.
e.g. sum = x + y, is an arithmetic operation
performed by ALU.
 3-Output Devices

 The device used to produce or display the

result of the processing is called output
device.
 The results may appear as text, numbers
or graphics on the computers screen or as
sounds from its speakers.
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speakers
 Types of Output

 Hard copy:
printed on paper or other permanent media

 Soft copy:
displayed on screen or by other non-
permanent means
 4-Memory
 The computer memory can hold programs and data
for current and future use.
 It is also called primary memory or main memory.
 Main memory of a computer is its internal memory .
 The capacity of a storage device is generally
expressed in bytes.
 One byte is a group of eight bits.
 Bit is a smallest memory unit that represents a binary
digit.
 A bit has value either 0 or 1.
 Main memory can be divided into
(i) RAM
(ii) ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM)
 A fast CPU is useless without an adequate amount
of RAM.
 RAM stores information that is used by running
programs and applications.
 More memory lets you run more applications at the
same time without degrading your system's
performance.
 When a program is launched , it is loaded first into
memory and then performs the operation.
 RAM is temporary, because it loses the data when
the computer is shut down. So it is also known as
volatile memory.
 RAM has a tremendous impact on the speed and
performance of the computer.
 Read Only Memory (ROM)

 It permanently stores its data even when

computer is shut down.
 Therefore, it is called non-volatile memory,
because it never loses its data.
 It handles many important tasks. One is to
provide instructions to CPU during start-up
or booting process whenever the computer
is turned on.
 Storage
 It is also called backing storage or external
memory and is used to supplement the capacity of
main memory.
 The devices which is used to permanently store
the data into computer is called storage devices.
 Hard Disk (HDD)
 Floppy Disk
 CD (Compact disc)
 It can store a bulk of data/information.
 The data in secondary storage is first brought into
the main memory before processing.
 Software

 It is the general term used to describe all the

various programs that may be used on a
computer system.
 A computer program is a set of instructions to
solve a particular problem.
 A set of instructions that drive a computer to
perform specific tasks is called a program.
 When a computer uses a particular program
it is said to be running or executing that
program.
 Software falls into two major categories.
i- System Software
ii- Application Software
 System Software
 It is any program that controls the computers
hardware or that can be used to maintain the
computer in some way so that it runs more efficiently.
 There are 3 basic type of system software.

(i) Operating System:

A system software which is used to control the over
all operation of computer is called operating system.
e.g. windows, Unix, Linux, DOS etc.

(ii) Network Operating System:

Network operating system allows computer to
communicates and share data across a network. It
also controls the network operation and security.
(iii) Utility:
Utility is a program that makes computer
system easier to use or perform high
specialized function.
Utilities are used to managed disk, trouble
shooting, hardware problems. e.g Partition
Magic
 Application Software

 It is divided into two categories.

(i) Specialized Application:

An Application that are using for special
purpose is called Specialized Application.
( Banking, Payroll, Online System)

(ii) General Purpose Application:

An Application that are using for general
purpose is called general purpose
application.( Word processor, Spreadsheets,
Excel, Computer programming languages).
 Word Processor:
it is used for creating text-based
documents such as newsletters e.g. MS-
Word
 Spread Sheet:
It is used for numeric-based documents
such as budgets or balance sheets. e.g.
excel.
 Database Management Software:
it is used for building and manipulating
database. e.g. MS-Access, SQL-Server,
Oracle, etc
 Presentation Software:
It is used for creating presenting electronic
slide. e.g. power point
 Graphics Software:
It is used for designing and manipulating
images, movies or animations. e.g.
Photoshop, Flash etc

 Programming Languages:
It is used for developing computer
programming. Different type of computer
programming languages are available
today such C, C++, Java, C#, VB.NET etc.