Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang estimasi waktu kematian menggunakan serangga. Serangga dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan interval pascamati dengan mempelajari perkembangan larva dan spesies serangga yang hadir pada mayat. Faktor lingkungan seperti suhu mempengaruhi laju perkembangan serangga dan dapat membantu memperkirakan waktu kematian.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang estimasi waktu kematian menggunakan serangga. Serangga dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan interval pascamati dengan mempelajari perkembangan larva dan spesies serangga yang hadir pada mayat. Faktor lingkungan seperti suhu mempengaruhi laju perkembangan serangga dan dapat membantu memperkirakan waktu kematian.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang estimasi waktu kematian menggunakan serangga. Serangga dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan interval pascamati dengan mempelajari perkembangan larva dan spesies serangga yang hadir pada mayat. Faktor lingkungan seperti suhu mempengaruhi laju perkembangan serangga dan dapat membantu memperkirakan waktu kematian.
yang sangat beragam. Terdapat jutaan species serangga yang jumlahnya lebih dari 2/3 semua organisma yang telah dikenal Serangga mengalami komplet atau inkomplet metamorphosa ( telur- larva-pupa-serangga dewasa) Larva pada lalat dikenal sebagai maggots Forensic Entomology adalah aplikasi serangga (insects and other arthropods)yangmemakan tubuh yang telah membususk untk membantu investigasi hukum. Meliputi: Medicolegal (criminal) Urban (criminal and civil) legal proceedings involving insects and related animals that affect manmade structures and other aspects of the human environment Stored product pests (civil) Biasanya digunakan unutuk memperkirakan postmortem interval ( PMI) Kemungkinan criminal misuse of insects Forensic Entomology digunakan untuk memperkirakan selang waktu setelah kematian (waktu antara kematian dan diketemukannya tubuh jenazah) postmortem interval (PMI). Dapat digunakan untuk membantu: Perpindahan jenazah Cara dan sebab mati Hubungan antara tersangka dengan TKP Deteksi racun atau obat-obatan , bahkan DNA korban melalui analisa larva serangga
Pembusukan adalah proses pendauran tubuh mahluk hidup yang telah meninggal Serangga betina akan tertarik pada bangkai. Mereka akan memilih lubang-lubang orifices atau luka untk meletakkkan telur/larva. Seorang forensic entomologist: Identifikasi serangga immature Memeriksa ukuran dan perkembangan serangga Memperkirakan pertumbuhan serangga and stage dalam sikulsuhidupnya. Membandingkan pertumbuhan menurut kondisi cuaca untukmemprkirakan saat oviposition Perkiraan PMI berdasarkan keberadaan serangga pada jenazah The time required for a given species to reach a particular stage of development. Comparisons of all insect species present on the remains at the time of examination. Ecological succession occurs as an unexploited habitat (like a corpse) is invaded by a series of different organisms. The first invasion is by insect species which will alter the habitat in some form by their activities. These changes make the habitat attractive to a second wave of organisms which, in turn, alter the habitat for use by yet another organisms. Necrophages - the first species feeding on corpse tissue. Includes rue flies (Diptera) and beetles (Coleoptera). Omnivores - species such as ants, wasps, and some beetles that feed on both the corpse and associated maggots. Large populations of ominvores may slow the rate of corpses decomposition by reducing populations of necrophagous species. Parasites and Predators - beetles, true flies and wasps that parasitize immature flies. Incidentals pill bugs, spiders, mites, centipedes that use the corpse as an extension of their normal habitat Image: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs Studies of decay rates of 150 human corpses at in the Anthropological Facility in Tennessee (The Body Farm) Most important environment factors in corpse decay: Temperature Access by insects Depth of burial
Other Factors Chemical-- embalming agent, insecticides, lime, etc. Animals disrupting the corpse Temperature Stiffness Time of death Warm Not stiff Not dead more than three hours Warm Stiff Dead between 3 to 8 hours Cold Stiff Dead between 8 to 36 hours Cold Not stiff Dead in more than 36 hours These may not always equate. Post mortem interval is restricted to the time that the corpse or body has been exposed to an environment which would allow insect activity to begin. Closed windows Body in box or bag Cold temperatures Deeper burial Calculate the heat/thermal energy (accumulated degree hour) required for each stage of the Green Bottle Flys life cycle. Possibly the greatest potential source of error in using arthropod successional patterns lies in the collection of speciments. Must only be done correctly to accurately sample the insects.
Image: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs From To Temp Hours ADH Cumulative ADH Egg 1 st Instar 70 F 23 23 x 70= 1610 ADH 1610 1 st Instar 2 nd Instar 70 F 27 27 x 70= 1890 ADH 1610+ 1890 2 nd Instar 3 rd Instar 70 F 22 22 x 70= 1540 ADH 1610+1890+ 1540 3 rd Instar Pupa 70 F 130 130 x 70= 9100 ADH 1610+1890+ 1540+9100 Pupa Adult Fly 70 F 143 143 x 70= 10010 ADH 1610+1890+ 1540+9100 +10010 3928 ADH in these three days (952+1488+1488). How many ADH of 70 are there in these 3 days? 3928/70=56.11 hours 72 hours at 70 would have the insects passing to the 3 rd instar. But 72 hours at colder temperatures and insects will only be at 2 nd
Begins at death Flies begin to arrive Temperature falls to that of the ambient temperature. Autolysis, the degradation of complex protein and carbohydrate molecules, occurs.
Swells due to gases produced by bacteria Temperature rise of the corpse Flies still present
Gases subside, decomposition fluids seep from body. Bacteria and maggots break through the skin. Large maggot masses and extreme amounts of fluid. Unpleasant odor Larvae beginning to pupate. Corpse reduced to about 20% of its original mass. Carcass reduced to hair, skin, and bones. Fly population reduced and replaced by other arthropods. Hide beetles are dominant in dry environments. Mite and predatory beetle populations increase. Does not always occur especially if corpse is in a wet region. Maggots will stay longer and hide beetles will not appear. In wet environments the hide beetles are replaced with nabid and reduviid insects. The corpse is reduced to at least ten percent of the original mass. In the last stage (Skeletal Stage), only bone and hair remain.
This project took place at the Huntington landfill beginning on September 5, 2003. Two different areas were chosen to deposit two pigs. Pig 1 was laid in a sunlit area. Pig 2 was laid in a shaded woodland area about 100 feet away at an elevation of approximately 20 feet.
Both pigs were housed in cages constructed of wood and one inch chicken wire that were staked to the ground to protect from predatory animals. Prior to starting the project, great care was taken to prevent insect activity from taking place. Subsequent to death, the pigs were individually tied in two black garbage bags, placed in feed sacks, and secured. The pigs were kept at -80C in the laboratory. They were placed in plastic bins in order to thaw for 48 hours prior to placement at the landfill. Closed environment was maintained until they were deposited at the site. Pigs with a genetic line of a minimum of fifty percent Yorkshire. They were 8-10 weeks old and weighed approximately 40-50 pounds. Both died on July 11, 2003 approximately 12 hours apart. One died a natural death and the other was culled from the litter. Both of the carcasses were in very similar condition; there were no breaks, tears or cuts in the skin. Daily observations were made at both sites throughout the day at 7am, 1pm, 7pm, and 1am. Air, ground, and maggot mass temperatures were taken at each visit and observations were recorded. At 7am and 7pm they also collected maggot samples for analysis and photographed the scene. Observations were noted and samples taken for a period of nine days. Using insect tweezers, they collected a number of maggots and dropped the samples immediately into boiling water, to kill the bacteria in the maggots and also to straighten their bodies for easier analysis. The maggot samples were taken from different areas of the body in which there were large numbers present.
The maggots were then placed into a labeled jar and preserved with 70% EtOH. They also collected interesting arthropods for analysis. All of the samples were labeled and stored for later analysis in the laboratory. Spiracles are incomplete Third-instar larvae Spiracles are complete Third-instar larvae Flies began to arrive within minutes of pig placement however, laying of eggs was delayed 12-18 hours. There was already some green discoloration on Pig 2 at the beginning of the fresh stage, possibly due to the fact that it was dead about 8 hrs before Pig 1. 72 hrs later, the first signs of bloating occurred, ending the Fresh Stage. At about 72 hours, noticeable bloating began to occur in Pig 1. However, Pig 2 did not show visible signs of bloating until about 92 hours. The gap between the two pigs might have been even greater if they had both died at exactly the same time. Decay stage started around 102 hours. At this point, the maggots had broken the skin and the pigs had begun to deflate. Decompositional fluids began to seep from the carcass. There was a green froth around the pig and also a dark fluid ring around the body of Pig 1. Maggot activity increased tremendously, and maggot mass temperature reached its high during this stage. When the experiment was terminated due to the fact that maggot activity had ceased, the pigs had reached the Post-Decay Stage. They were mostly skin, bones, and hair, but there was some tissue remaining. Maggot Mass and Ambient Temperatures vs Time for Pig One 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 100 200 300 Maggot Mass Temperature Ambient Temperature
The graph shows an elevation for maggot mass temperatures over ambient
The fluctuation in ambient temperature induced elevated maggot activity which is consistent with other similar experiments.
Sunlit Pig Maggot Mass and Ambient Temperatures vs. Time for Pig Two 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 100 200 300 Maggot Mass Temp Ambient Temp
The ambient temperature for Pig 2 was more constant because it was in a shaded area. The temperatures for Pig 1 fluctuated more than those of Pig 2. Shaded Pig 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 50 100 150 200 250 Phormia regina Pig 1 Phormia regina Pig 2
Shows a gradual increase then decrease for the Phormia regina The maggots feed and grow to a certain point when they begin to leave the carcass to find a safe place to pupate. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 50 100 150 200 250 Phaenicia Pig 1 Phaenicia Pig 2
Two peaks for the Phaenicia Infers two generations for Pig 1.
These are distinguishable by the length and obvious size difference. This is why we believe there are two peaks in our graph data for the Sunlit Pig. The photograph was taken at a time consistent with the influx at 132 hours. Two different species of maggots were collected over the nine day period. These two species were analyzed at their third instar stages; they were able to determine the difference by comparing their spiracles. The third instar was the only stage that they analyzed; species determination was more evident at this stage of development. They also reared a sample of maggots from each pig for later species analysis. ADH may be calculated using temperature and hours. This works because there is direct correlation between temperature and maggot development. Our calculations were somewhat rough but relatively accurate.
ADH for Pig 1 was calculated as 4885.2 after nine days. ADH for Pig 2 was calculated as 4488.6 after nine days. These can be used to determine PMI for carcasses found in this area in similar conditions. The End