507 33 Powerpoint-Slides Ch14 DRCS

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Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
N. Subramanian
Chapter 14
Design of Design of
Columns with Moments
Introduction

Axially loaded columns are rare in actual practice. Most of the
columns are subjected to bending moments, about one or both the axes
of cross section, in addition to direct compressive loads.

The bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the cross
section depending on the magnitude of the axial compressive force as
well as the bending moment.

Despite the presence of tensile stresses, columns are generally
referred to as compression members or beam-columns, as the
compressive forces or stresses dominate their behaviour.

Such compression members include columns rigidly connected to
beams, columns of multi-storeyed buildings, portal frames, columns
supporting crane loads in industrial buildings, and arches.

In multi-storeyed buildings, the edge columns are usually subjected to
uniaxial bending and the corner columns are subjected to biaxial
bending.

Even the internal columns may be subjected to bending if there are
lateral loads or when the adjoining spacing of columns are different on
either side of the column.
Introduction
Design of Column with Axial Load and
Uniaxial Bending
Assumptions Made in Limit States Design for Columns

The failure of concrete is governed by the maximum strain criteria.

For members under concentric load, the ultimate compressive strain
in concrete is taken uniformly as 0.002 across the section.

The ultimate strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre for
bending is taken as 0.0035.

Assumptions Made in Limit States Design
for Columns

When the neutral axis lies along one edge of the section (see Fig.
14.1), the strain varies from 0.0035 at the highly stressed compressed
edge to zero at the opposite edge.

As shown in Fig. 14.1, the strain distribution lines for these two cases
intersect each other at a depth of 3D/7 (Point F in Fig. 14.1) from the
highly compressed edge.

This point F is assumed to act as a fulcrum for the strain distribution
line when the neutral axis falls outside the section, as shown in Fig. 14.1.

Failure Strain in Concrete under
Compressive Load and Moment
Fig. 14.1 Failure strain in concrete under compressive load and moment
Design Stress-strain Curve for
Concrete
The compressive strength of concrete in the
structure is assumed to be 0.67 times the
characteristic strength of concrete.
In addition, a partial factor of safety equal to 1.5 is
applied to the strength of concrete. Thus, the design
strength of concrete is taken as 0.67f
ck
/1.5 = 0.447
f
ck
.
The equation of the parabolic part of the curve is
taken as

Design Stress-strain Curve for Steel
Reinforcements
The partial factor of safety for the strength of steel
reinforcement is taken in IS 456 as 1.15, and hence
the design strength is f
y
/1.15 or 0.87f
y
.
The non-linear stress-strain curve beyond a stress of
0.8 x 0.87f
y
= 0.696 f
y
for HYSD bars may be obtained
using (with taken as strain x 1000)
Derivation of Basic Equations
The ultimate load carrying capacity of a uniaxially eccentrically loaded
column depends on the following parameters:
1. The size of the column

2. The disposition of reinforcements

3. The stress strain curves of the materials used

4. The yield limits of the materials

5. The eccentricity of the load


The relation between the axial force, P, and moment, M, in a
symmetrically reinforced rectangular column section is derived by
considering different positions of neutral axis.
Three cases are considered as follows:
Case 1Eccentricity e e
min
(see Fig. 14.2)

Where f
sc
is the compressive stress in steel corresponding
to a strain of 0.002 (equals 0.79f
y
for Fe 415 grade steel
and 0.746f
y
for Fe 500 steel). The second term within
parenthesis is usually neglected for convenience

Stress and Strain Diagram
Fig. 14.2 Stress and strain diagrams for e e
min
(a) Section (b) Strain (c) Stress
Case 2Neutral axis lies outside section (see Fig. 14.3)

Fig. 14.3 StressStrain diagram when neutral axis is outside the section (a) Column section
(b) Strain diagram (c) Concrete stress diagram (d) Steel forces
Case 3Neutral axis lies inside section (see Fig. 14.4)

Fig. 14.4 StressStrain diagram when neutral axis is inside the section (a) Column section
(b) Strain diagram (c) Concrete stress diagram (d) Steel forces
Sections with Asymmetric Reinforcement
and Plastic Centroid

Usually, reinforced concrete (RC) columns are symmetrically
reinforced about the axis of bending.

However, in certain situations, such as columns of portal frames or
arches where the eccentricity is large, asymmetric reinforcement is
provided with more rods on the tension side, as shown in Fig. 14.5.

Plastic Centroid of an Asymmetrically
Reinforced Column
Fig. 14.5 Plastic centroid of an asymmetrically reinforced column
Sections with Asymmetric Reinforcement
and Plastic Centroid

For an asymmetrically reinforced column, the resultant load must pass
through the plastic centroid to produce uniform strain at failure. The
plastic centroid represents the location of the resultant force produced
by the steel and concrete (see Eqn. 14.22 of the book)

For symmetrical sections, the plastic centroid coincides with the
centroid of the column cross section. The moments are taken about the
plastic centroid.
Analysis of Circular Columns

The determination of the ultimate strength of circular columns is
based on the same principles as in the case of rectangular or square
columns.

However, in this case, the geometry of the compression zone and the
circular arrangement of steel bars pose complications.


The circular column is replaced by an equivalent rectangular column.
The area of the equivalent column is made equal to the area of the
actual circular column, and its depth in the direction of bending is taken
as 0.8 times the outside diameter of the real column (see Fig 14.6).

The values of P
n
and M
n
are calculated as for rectangular columns.

Fig. 14.6 Replacing circular column with an equivalent rectangular
column (a) Actual circular column (b) Equivalent rectangular column

The stress block parameters for rectangular sections are not
applicable to circular sections.

The extreme fibre strain for circular section may be taken as 0.0035,
even though the failure strain in compression for circular sections may
be less than that of rectangular sections.


While developing the interaction curves of SP 16, the circular section
was divided into strips and the forces on each of these strips were
summed up for determining the total forces and moments due to
stresses in concrete.

To compute the compressive force and its moment about the centroid
of the column, we need to compute the area and centroid of the
segment (see Eqn. 14.23 and Eqn. 14.24 of the book).
Fig. 14.7 Circular column under direct load and moments (a) Section (b) Strains (c) Stresses
(d) Compression zones
Interaction Curves

Designers often use spreadsheets, computer programs, or computer-
generated interaction curves or tables for column design.

Fig. 14.8 shows a curve that is drawn for a column as the load changes
from one of pure axial load through varying combinations of axial loads
and moments to a pure bending case.

Interaction curves are useful for studying the strength of columns with
various proportions of loads and moments.
Any combination of loading that falls inside the curve is generally
satisfactory, whereas any combination falling outside the curve is not
satisfactory and may represent failure.
Interaction Curves
Fig. 14.8 Column interaction curve
The points and regions on the interaction curve that are important are
as follows:
1. Point Apure axial load: This point corresponds to a strain
distribution that represents uniform axial compression without
moment, sometimes referred to as pure axial load.

2. Point Bzero tension, onset of cracking The strain distribution at
this point corresponds to the axial force and moment on the onset
of the crushing of the concrete, when the strain in the concrete at
the least compressed edge is zero and the concrete begins to crack.
Since the tensile strength of concrete is ignored in strength
calculations, failure loads below point B in the interaction curve
represent cases where the section is partially cracked.
Interaction Curves

3. Region ACcompression-controlled failure: The columns with
axial load capacity P
n
and moment capacity M
n
that fall in this region
of interaction curve initially fail due to the crushing of concrete in
the compression face, before the yielding of tensile steel. Hence,
they are called compression-controlled columns.

4. Point Cbalanced failure: This point is called the balanced failure
point and represents the balanced loading case, where theoretically
both the crushing of the concrete in the compression face and the
yielding of reinforcement in the tension face develop
simultaneously.

Interaction Curves

5. Point Dtension-controlled limit: This point denotes the ductile
failure of column, where the tensile strain in the extreme layer of
the tension steel is sufficiently large, that is, equal to or great than
about 2.5 times the yield strain in steel.

6. Region CDtransition region: The columns that fall in the region
CD are termed transition region columns.

7. Point Epure bending: This point represents the bending strength
of the member, that is, when it is subjected to moment alone with
zero axial loads.

Interaction Curves
Design Aids
The non-dimensional interaction curves given in SP 16:1980 consider
the following three types of symmetrically reinforced columns:

1. Rectangular columns with reinforcement on two sidesCharts 27
to 38: The two sides refer to the sides parallel to the axis of bending.
There are no interior rows of bars, and each outer row has an area
of 0.5As and includes four-bar reinforcement.

2. Rectangular columns with reinforcement on four sidesCharts 39
to 50: These charts have been prepared for a section with 20 bars
equally distributed on all four sides, but they can be used for any
number of bars greater than eight.

Fig. 14.9 Typical interaction diagram for rectangular columns (Chart 32 of SP 16)
Design Aids-Circular Columns

3. Circular columnsCharts 51 to 62: These charts have been
prepared for a section with eight bars, but can be used for any
section having more than six bars.
These charts have been prepared for three grades of steel (Fe
250, Fe 415, and Fe 500) and for four values of cover ratio d/D (0.05,
0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) for each of the three types of columns.

The dotted lines in these charts (see Figs 14.9 and 14.10) indicate
the stress in the bars nearest to the tension face of the column.

Fig. 14.10 Interaction diagram for circular columns (Chart 56 of SP 16)
Design Aids
The line f
st
= 0 indicates that the neutral axis lies along the outermost
row of reinforcement.

For points lying above this line on the chart, all the bars in the section
will be in compression.

The line for f
st
= f
yd
indicates that the outermost tension reinforcement
will reach the design yield strength.

For points lying below this line on the chart, all outermost tension
reinforcement will undergo inelastic deformation, whereas successive
inner rows may reach the stress of f
yd
.

Design Procedure

1. Determine the axial load and bending moments acting on the
column for different load cases. From this, determine the maximum
axial force and bending moment that has to be supported by the
column. Calculate the factored load and factored bending moment.

2. Select trial cross-sectional dimensions based on experience, grade of
concrete, minimum permissible column size and minimum size and
cover based on fire resistance and environment exposure
requirements.

3. Check for minimum eccentricity
Design Procedure

4. Choose rebar size and size of cover based on exposure condition.
Calculate d/D.

5. Calculate p
u
and m
u
.

6. Depending on the values of p
u
, m
u
, d/D, and grade of steel, select
the corresponding chart from SP 16. If there is no exact match for
the calculated d/D value, the values from two charts should be
taken and interpolated.
Be sure that the column diagram shown at the upper right side
of the interaction curve matches with the column being considered.
Design Procedure
7. Calculate the steel area A
s
. Check whether the calculated area of
reinforcement is within the bounds of the specified code, that is,
above 0.8 per cent and below 34 per cent; revise the section if
necessary and repeat the calculations.

8. Design ties as per Clause 26.5.3.2 and detail the reinforcements
taking into consideration Clause 26.5.3.1 of IS 456.

For eccentricity ratios, e/D, less than about 0.1, a spiral circular
column is more efficient in terms of load capacity.

For e/D ratios greater than 0.2, a rectangular column with bars
in the faces farthest from the axis of bending is economical.
Splicing of Reinforcement

In non-seismic zones, the longitudinal bars of columns are spliced just
above each floor using indirect splices (lap splicing), or by direct splicing
(welded splices or mechanical splices).

In seismic zones, the lap splices should be located only in the mid-
height of the column.

The design interaction curves contain dotted lines (see Figs 14.9 and
14.10), which indicate various tensile stresses occurring in the
reinforcement closest to the tension face of the column.
Fig. 14.11 Required lap splice length
Transverse Reinforcement
Diamond- and octagonal-shaped ties facilitate
to keep the centre of the column open and free
of cross-ties, resulting in easy placing and
vibration of concrete.
Welded reinforcement grids (WRG) will
improve the constructability and speed of
construction but significantly lower ductility in
columns than conventional reinforcement.
Specially fabricated welded wire reinforcement
cages incorporating the longitudinal bars and
ties can also be used.

Bigger column sizes will also result in better
reinforcement detailing.
Fig. 14.12 Typical arrangements of column ties (a) Square columns (b) Rectangular columns
Typical Arrangements of Column Ties
Fig. 14.13 Typical arrangements of column ties (c) Large square column (d) L-shaped columns
(e) I-shaped column
Case Study
Design of Columns with Axial Load
and Biaxial Bending

Many columns are subjected to biaxial bending, that is, bending about
both axes. The most commons ones are the corner columns in buildings,
where beams frame into the corner column in two perpendicular
directions and transfer their end moments into the column.

Similar loading may also occur in the interior columns if the column
layout is irregular, at the columns supporting heavy spandrel beams, and
at the bridge piers.

In addition, beams supporting helical or freestanding stairs, or
oscillating and rotating machinery, have to resist biaxial bending with or
without axial load.

One of the methods for the design of members subjected to
combined axial load and biaxial bending is based on the conditions of
equilibrium with a suitably chosen inclined neutral axis.

A symmetrically reinforced concrete column section subjected to
biaxial bending is shown in Fig. 14.14.

If the column has more than four bars, the extra steel forces should
also be considered. The use of rectangular stress block will simplify the
calculations.
and Biaxial Bending
and Biaxial Bending
Fig. 14.14 Biaxial bending of symmetrically reinforced concrete columns

The analysis involves a triangular or trapezoidal area of compressed
concrete, as well as a neutral axis that is not usually perpendicular to
the direction of eccentricity; it is inclined with an angle depending on
the moment values as well as the section properties.

For a given cross section and reinforcement, by varying the inclination
of the neutral axis, a series of interaction diagrams can be drawn.

From Fig. 14.15, it is seen that the complete set of diagrams for all
angles will result in an interaction surface, which is the failure surface
for the given section.
and Biaxial Bending
and Biaxial Bending
Fig. 14.15 Three-dimensional interaction surface for an RC column with biaxial bending
Methods of Superposition
Some simple methods of superposition have been developed, which
reduce the inclined bending to bending about major axis of the section,
thus allowing the use of interaction diagrams developed for uniaxial
bending.

One such method involves the following steps:
a) Determine the required A
s
in the x-direction considering P
u
and
M
ux
.
b) Determine the required A
s
in the y-direction considering P
u
and
M
uy
.
c) Determine the total required area of steel by adding the two
areas obtained in steps (a) and (b).

This method has no theoretical basis and may lead to unsafe designs
because the full strength of concrete is considered twice in the design.

However, this method can be conveniently used in the design of long
L-, T-, and +-shaped columns as the overlapping area in the x- and y-
directions will be small.
Methods of Superposition
Methods of Equivalent Uniaxial Eccentricity
In these methods, the biaxial eccentricities are replaced by an
equivalent uniaxial eccentricity and the column is designed for uniaxial
bending and axial load.

This procedure is limited in application to columns with doubly
symmetric cross sections having the ratio of longer to shorter dimension
between 0.5 and 2 and reinforced with equal reinforcement on all the
four faces.

Clause 3.8.4.5 of the UK code BS 8110-Part 1: 1997 suggests an
approximate method for symmetrically reinforced rectangular sections.
It suggests that the two moments acting on the column can be reduced
to a single moment about a given axis (see Fig. 14.17).
Methods of Equivalent Uniaxial Eccentricity
Fig. 14.16 Definition of terms for biaxially loaded columns
Column under Biaxial Bending
Fig. 14.17 Column under biaxial bending as per BS 8110
BS 8110-Part 1: 1997 suggests that the
two moments M
x
and M
y
acting on
the column can be reduced to a
single moment about a given axis by
using the following:
Methods Based on Approximations for
Shape of Interaction Surface

1. Breslers Reciprocal Load Method (ACI 318):

This method is more suitable for analysis than for design and,
hence, is often used to check designs.
The capacity predicted by this method is in reasonable
agreement with theoretical as well as experimental results.
The results obtained by Breslers reciprocal formula are not
realistic for columns with high-end restraints or columns that are
very slender.

2. Breslers Load Contour Method (IS 456):

A plot of interaction curves for different
values of P
u
/P
nz
are shown in Fig. 14.17.
Any combination of biaxial moments falling
inside these curves for the given value of
P
u
/P
nz
is considered safe.

Methods Based on Approximations for
Shape of Interaction Surface
Interaction Curves for Biaxial Moments
Fig. 14.17 Interaction curves for biaxial moments for
different values of P
u
/P
nz
Design Procedure for Columns with Biaxial
Moments

The procedure for the design of columns subjected to factored axial load
P
u
and biaxial moments M
ux
and M
uy
consists of the following steps:

1. Assume cross-sectional dimensions and the area of steel and its
distribution.
2. Compute concentric load capacity P
nz
and P
u
/P
nz
. Chart 63 of SP
16 can also be used to evaluate the value of P
nz
.
3. Determine the uniaxial capacities M
nx
and M
ny
of the section
combined with the given axial load P
u
with the use of interaction
curves for axial load and uniaxial moment.
4. Determine the adequacy of the column section using Fig. 14.17.

Design Aids

The design of columns subjected to factored axial load P
u
and biaxial
moments M
ux
and M
uy
is iterative.

Sinha and his associates have developed interaction curves for typical
reinforcement distribution in rectangular and square columns for axial
load, biaxial moments, effective cover to reinforcement, and area of
steel.

These curves can be used directly to determine the area of steel,
without any trial and error process.
Design of L, T, and + Columns
L-, T-, and cross (+)-shaped columns are often used at outside and re-
entrant building corners for architectural purposes.

Interaction curves of L, T, and + columns subjected to axial load and
biaxial bending are available.

Charts for the design of hollow rectangular sections and of circular
ring-shaped columns are available.

A number of computer programs for biaxial bending, like PCAColumn
(current version 4.10), developed by Portland Cement Association,
Illinois, are also commercially available.
Slender Columns

A slender column may be defined as a column that has significant
reduction in its axial load capacity due to moments resulting from lateral
deflections of the column (see Fig. 14.19).

Slender concrete columns may fail by buckling in the elastic or
inelastic stress state or they may fail when the compressive strain in the
concrete reaches its limit of 0.0035. The former is classified as instability
failure and the latter as material failure.

Slender Columns
Fig. 14.19 Examples of slender columns (a) 50 m tall column for runway in Portugal
(b) Slender columns in a building in Chicago
Definition of Slender Columns
A compression member is considered slender when either of the
slenderness factors L
ex
/D and L
ey
/B is greater than 12, where L
ex
and L
ey

are the effective lengths with respect to the major and minor axis,
respectively, and B and D are the width and depth of the column.

In addition, the following limits are recommended:
1. Columns with both ends restrained: Unsupported length should
not exceed 60 times the least lateral dimension of a column.

2. Columns with one end unrestrained: Unsupported length
should not exceed 100 B
2
D, where B is the width and D is the
depth of column measured in the plane under consideration.
Fig. 14.20 Single and double curvature bending in braced frames (a) Braced (non-
sway) frame (b) Single curvature bending (c) Double curvature bending
Behaviour of Slender Columns

The behaviour of a slender column shown in Fig. 14.20(a) under
increasing load is illustrated by the PM interaction diagram of Fig.
14.20(c). It also illustrates the different types of failure.

Slender column behaviour for particular loading and end condition
can be illustrated by the use of slender column interaction diagrams
(see Fig. 14.21).

The three most significant variables affecting the strength and
behaviour of slender columns have been identified as the
slenderness ratio , the end eccentricity ratio , and the ratio of end
eccentricities (see Fig. 14.22).
Fig. 14.20 Behaviour of slender columns (a) Column with eccentric loads (b) Free body
diagram (c) PM interaction diagram
Fig. 14.21 Construction of slender column interaction diagrams (a) Slender
column behaviour (b) Slender column PM interaction diagrams
Fig. 14.22 Effect of curvature on interaction diagrams for slender hinged columns
Factors Affecting Behaviour of Slender
Columns

1. The ratio of unsupported length to section depth, the end
eccentricity ratio, and the ratio and signs of end eccentricitiesthe
effects of these variables are strongly interrelated.

2. The degree of rotational restraintstiffer beams at the ends of
columns provide greater column strength.
Factors Affecting Behaviour of Slender
Columns

3. The degree of lateral restrainta braced column is significantly
stronger than a column unbraced against end displacements.

4. The amount of steel reinforcement and the strength of concretean
increase in the p/f
ck
ratio provides increased stability.

5. The duration of loadingcreep of concrete during sustained loading
increases the concrete deflections and decreases the strength of
slender columns.
Design Approaches
In the absence of interaction diagrams for slender columns, the
following four methods of design are often used:

1. Exact method based on non-linear second-order analysis

2. Moment magnifier method

3. Additional moment method

4. Reduction factor method
Exact Method Based on Non-linear
Second-order Analysis

The design of slender columns may be based on the moments and
forces found from the second-order analysis of the structure taking into
account material non-linearity, member curvature and lateral drift,
duration of loading, shrinkage and creep, and interaction with the
supporting foundation.

Such a non-linear second-order analysis has shown to predict ultimate
loads within 15 per cent of tests conducted on columns in statically
indeterminate RC structures.

The sections may be proportioned to resist these actions without any
modification, as the effect of column slenderness has been considered
in the determination of member forces and moments.

The main factors to be included in the second-order analysis are the
P and Pd moments due to the lateral deflections of the columns in
the structure.

Clause 39.1 of IS 456 and clause 10.10.3 of ACI 318 recommend this
type of second-order analysis. However, these rational methods are not
usually used in design offices as they are time consuming and may be
expensive.


These geometric non-linear effects are typically distinguished
between Pd effects, associated with deformations along the members,
measured relative to the member chord, and P effects, measured
between member ends and commonly associated with storey drifts in
buildings.

In buildings subjected to earthquakes, P effects are much more of a
concern than Pd effects, and provided that members conform to the
slenderness limits for special systems in high seismic regions, Pd effects
do not generally need to be modelled in non-linear seismic analysis.

Moment Magnifier Method
In this approximate moment magnifier method (Clause 10.10.5 of
ACI), moments computed from the first-order analysis are multiplied by
a moment magnifier to account for the second-order effects.

The moment magnifier is a function of the factored axial load and the
critical buckling load for the column.

Using this method, non-sway and sway frames are treated separately.

Sway and non-sway frames can be identified based on two criteria:
increase in column end moments from second-order effects not
exceeding five per cent of the first-order end moments or the stability
index is less than 0.04.
Columns in Non-sway or Braced Frames

Braced column is not subjected to side sway, and hence, there is no
significant relative lateral displacement between the top and bottom
ends of the column.

Normally, the ends of a braced column will be partially restrained
against rotation by the connecting beams.

For each load combination, the factored moments at the top and
bottom of the column are calculated using first-order frame analysis.

Columns in Non-sway or Braced
Frames

The magnified moment, M
c
(for each load combination), is
found by multiplying the larger factored end moment, M
2
:
with
EI for cracked section may be determined from
equations given in ACI code(see Eqns. 10.42 of the
book).
Values of C
m
for Different End
Moment Cases
Fig. 14.23 Values of C
m
for different end moment cases
The correction factor for equivalent uniform moment
diagram is
M
1
/M
2
is taken
as +ve if the
column is bent
in single
curvature and -
ve if bent in
double
curvature
Columns in Sway or Unbraced Frames

Unbraced frame is subjected to side sway, and hence, there will be
significant displacement between the top and bottom ends of the
column.

Such a sway is possible in asymmetric frames or in frames subjected to
lateral loads. A simple frame subjected to side sway is shown in Fig.
14.24(a).

The additional moments at the ends of the column caused by the
action of the vertical load acting on the deflected configuration of the
unbraced column is called lateral drift effect (see Fig. 14.24b).
Fig. 14.24 Unbraced columnlateral drift effect (a) Sway frame (b) Deflected shape of column
(c) Moments

In unbraced frames, the action of primary moments generally result in
double curvature, as shown in Fig. 14.24(b).

Moreover, the moments at the unbraced column ends will be the
maximum; it is due to the primary moments being enhanced by the
lateral drift effect (see Fig. 14.24c).

For each load combination, the factored non-sway moments and the
factored sway moments are calculated at the top and bottom of the
column using first-order elastic frame analysis. The magnified sway
moments are added to the unmagnified non-sway moments at each end
of the column.
The magnified moments at each end of the column (M
1
and
M
2
) are calculated as:
The ACI code gives two alternate methods to calculate
s
. In
the first method, it is taken as
If
s
calculated by the above equation exceeds 1.5, take it as
Additional Moment Method
This additional moment method has been adopted in IS 456.

The moment at the failure section of the column can also be taken as
equal to the sum of the applied moment M and a complementary or
additional moment M
a
equal to load times the complementary
eccentricity. This complementary moment represents the moment
induced by the column deflections.

The column is designed for the axial load P
u
and the moment (M
e
+
M
a
).

In this method, the deflection of the column is computed from the
curvature diagram as shown in Fig. 14.25.
Fig. 14.25 Deflection of beam-column based on curvature (a) Deflected shape
of slender column at ultimate load (b) Moment diagram (c) Idealized Mf
relationship (d) Curvature diagram
As per clause 39.7.1 of IS 456, the additional
moments M
ax
and M
ay
should be calculated as
If the failure is not a balanced one, a moment
reduction factor, k is specified in clause 39.7.1.1
The value of P
b
may be evaluated for
rectangular and circular sections as below
(Table 60 of SP 16):
For the values of k
1
and k
2
see Tables 14.5 and
14.6 of the Book.
Reduction Factor Method
The reduction factor method (Clause B-3.3 of IS 456) implies that the
same eccentricity is maintained in both the slender and analogous short
columns.

This is contrary to the actual behaviour of slender columns, where the
reduction in load carrying capacity is caused by the increased
eccentricity due to secondary deflection moments.

This is a severe shortcoming in the case of unbraced fames, since the
magnitude of the secondary moments is extremely important.

Moreover, owing to practical considerations, many important
variables are neglected to keep the formula simple.

Slender Columns Bent about Both Axes
When slender columns are subjected to significant bending about
both the axes, additional moments have to be calculated for both
directions of bending.

These additional moments are combined with the initial moments
found from the first-order analysis to obtain the design moments in the
principal directions.

However, the minimum eccentricity is to be assumed to act only about
one axis at a time.

With these moments, the columns may be designed for biaxial
bending using the design charts given in SP 16.
Design Procedure for Slender
Columns
The various steps involved are:
1. Assume initial sizes based on experience; If
the slenderness factor is greater than 12 or
more, about any of the axes, the column has
to be designed as a slender column about
that axis. If it is slender about both axes, the
additional moments about both the axes
should be considered.
Columns
The following steps are done in XX axis.
1. From first order analysis determine the end
moments M
u1
and M
u2
.
2. Determine the moments caused by
accidental eccentricity, M
min

3. Choose M
ux1
as the larger of M
u1
and M
min

and M
ux2
as the larger of M
u2
and M
min

Columns
4. Calculate the additional moment, M
add
= k
x

M
ax
using Eqs. 14.50 and 14.51. P
nz
and P
b
can
be determined using an assumed area of
longitudinal reinforcement of about 2.5% to
3%. Chart 63 of SP 16 may be used to find P
nz
,
Table 60 of SP 16 may be used to calculate P
bx
,
and using the value of P
bx
/P
nz
, the value of k
x

can be determined using chart 65 of SP 16.

Columns
5. Calculate
6. Determine the value of design moments M
dx
by
adding the additional moment M
add
with M
ux
7. Calculate P
u
/f
ck
BD and using appropriate
interaction diagram of SP 16, determine M
nx
, for the
assumed area of steel
Columns
8. If the column is slender in YY axis, repeat
steps 2 to 8 for YY axis also.
9. Check the following Equation

10. Change reinforcement or size and repeat the above
calculation, if the left-hand side of equation results in
values higher than 1.0 or much lower than 1.0.

Earthquake Considerations

For columns situated in earthquake zones, the axial loads and bending
moment(s) acting on them can be found by a suitable first-order or
second-order analysis; the design is similar to that in non-seismic zones.

For bond limitations of beam bars passing through interior beam-
column joints to be satisfied, the depth of the column needs to be up to
30 times the diameter of beam bars.

Smaller column sizes relative to that of beams will result in a strong
beamweak column system, leading to catastrophic storey (or side
sway) collapse mechanisms.

To meet the strong columnweak beam requirement, the sum of the
nominal flexural strengths of the columns framing into a joint must be at
least 1.1 times the sum of the nominal flexural strengths of the beams
framing into the joint (NZS Code suggests 1.4 times).

It is required to include the developed slab reinforcement within the
effective flange width as beam flexural tension reinforcement when
computing beam strength. This check must be verified independently
for sway in both directions and in each of the two principal framing
directions.


The minimum number of bars in seismic columns should be eight in
square and rectangular columns and six in the case of circular columns.

Longitudinal bars should not be farther apart than 200 mm centre to
centre or one-third of the cross-sectional dimension in the direction
considered in the case of rectangular columns, or one-third the
diameter in the case of circular columns.

Bundled bars grouped in the four corners of a column are undesirable
in seismic zones.

Splicing of column bars should be provided only in the middle half of a
column and not near its top or bottom ends, where plastic hinges are
likely to form.

Moreover, only up to 50 per cent of the vertical bars in the column
are to be lapped at a section in any storey. Furthermore, when laps are
provided, ties must be provided along the length of the lap at a spacing
not more than 150 mm.

Mechanical couplers should be used where the reinforcement ratio is
greater than three per cent.


Welded splices should never be located in potential plastic hinge
regions. It is also necessary to anchor the column rods in the
foundations and provide special confining reinforcements in footings.

L-, T-, or +-shaped columns should not be used in earthquake zones as
they may crack at the re-entrant corners and fail subsequently without
reaching their ultimate capacities.

Similarly, slender columns should not be used in seismic-dominated
ductile frames.
Thank You!

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