Power Plants ME 471

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

GIK Institute Pakistan
Topic 12
Wind Energy CH 14
Sections: 14-1 to 14-3 and 14-8 to 14-10
Example 1, Problems 1 and 3

For Lecture: 1 - Refer to class notes and book.
Wind Energy
Electrical energy obtained from harnessing the wind with
windmills or wind turbines.
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy
from the wind into electrical power.
The generator is attached at one end to the wind turbine,
which provides the mechanical energy.
At the other end, the generator is connected to the
electrical grid.

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Parts of Wind Turbine
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HAWT
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Orientation
Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the
orientation of the rotor.
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis

There are two primary physical principles by which energy
can be extracted from the wind; these are through the
creation of either drag or lift force (or through a
combination of the two).
The basic features that characterize lift and drag are:
drag is in the direction of airflow
lift is perpendicular to the direction of airflow
generation of lift always causes a certain amount of drag
to be developed
with a good aerofoil, the lift produced can be more than
thirty times greater than the drag
lift devices are generally more efficient than drag devices

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Q J VCZa
6/25
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Novel wind turbine
1. Madaras concept.
2. Darrieus rotor.

Madaras concept is based on Magnus effect.
Darrieus rotor is essentially a vertical axis wind turbine.


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Magnus effect
A rotating cylinder placed in a
viscous fluid is acted upon by
forces.

1. A lift force perpendicular to stream
flow direction.
2. A drag force in the direction of the
stream.
Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE
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Darrieus Machine
Proposed in 1920.
It is a vertical axis machine with
two or three slender wings or
blades joined at top and bottom to
the vertical axis.

-Darrieus
Power in the Wind (W/m
2
)
P = 1/2 x air density x rotor swept area x (wind speed)
3

P = (AV
3
)
Where,
Density of the wind = P/(RxT) (kg/m
3
)
P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK)
T - air temperature (K)

Rotor swept Area = r
2
(m
2
)


Instantaneous Speed = m/s
(not mean speed)


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The Tip-Speed Ratio
Tip-speed ratio, , or TSR for wind turbines is the ratio
between the tangential speed of the tip of a blade and the
actual velocity of the wind, . The tip-speed ratio is related
to efficiency,
= Tip speed of the blades
Wind Speed
= R
V
Where,
= rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Wind Free Stream Velocity


Power Plants, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering GIK Institute Pakistan.
Betzs Law
Betz's law calculates the maximum power that can be
extracted from the wind, independent of the design of a
wind turbine in open flow.
According to Betz's law, no turbine can capture more
than 59.3% of the kinetic energy in wind.
Practical utility-scale wind turbines achieve at peak 75%
to 80% of the Betz limit.
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Velocity with Height


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Vertical Axis Turbines
Advantages
Omni-directional
Accepts wind from any angle
Components can be
mounted at ground level.
Ease of service
Lighter weight towers

Disadvantages
Rotors generally near ground
where wind poorer.
Centrifugal force stresses blades.
Poor self-starting capabilities.
Requires support at top of turbine
rotor.
Requires entire rotor to be
removed to replace bearings.
Overall poor performance and
reliability.
Have never been commercially
successful.
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Hub rotor diameters have increased to make use of more
wind resources.
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Wind Resources in Pakistan
The project area for the wind mapping was 1,100km along
Sindh and Balochistan coast and up to 100km deep
northward over land from the coast.

44 stations for collecting wind data have been installed to
study the wind regime as shown in figures.

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Wind Resources in Baluchistan
List of 23: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari, Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad,
Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan, Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.
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Wind Resources in Sindh
List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay, Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-
Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad, Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-Bula-Khan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.
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JIWANI ORMARA
PANJGUR
NOKUNDI
DALBANDIN
KHUZDAR
QUETTA
SIBI
LORALAI
ZHOB
BARKHAN
KALAT
KARACHI
BADIN
HYDERABAD
SUKKUR
CHOR
NAWABSHAH
JACOBABAD
PADIDAN
BAHAWALPUR
BAHAWALNAGAR
FAISALABAD
LAHORE
ISLAMABAD
KHANPUR
MULTAN
SIALKOT
BALAKOT
CHITRAL
D. I. KHAN
DIR
DROSH
KAKUL PARACHINAR
PESHAWAR
ASTOR
BUNJI
CHILAS
GILGIT
GUPIS
KOTLI
MUZAFFARABAD
SKARDU
8.1
9.0
5.2
3.4
5.9
6.1
3.0
2.9
3 .3
2 .2
5.1
2 .2
3.1
7.8
9.7
3.6
4.1
2 .5
2 .2
2.5
3.8
2 .3
1.9
1.4
2.5
4.3
4.0
0.9
JHELUM
1.7
4.6
2 .5
1.0
3 .3
1.1
3 .4
1.9
2 .5
2 .5
2 .9
1.5
3.6
3.3
1.3
3.1
MONTHLY WIND MAPPING OF PAKISTAN
DATA SOURCE: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN
COMPILED BY BRIG DR NASIM A. KHAN
STUDY REPORT BY
PAKISTAN COUNCIL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
MONTH: JUNE
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT 30 METERS
1 M/S
2 M/S
3 M/S
4 M/S
WIND SPEED
COLOUR CODE
5 M/S
6 M/S
7 M/S
8 M/S
9 M/S
10 M/S
JUNE
.





Average summer wind
direction from Gharo to
Hyderabad
Wind Corridor in Pakistan
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Worlds Largest Wind Turbine
Enercon E-126 in Emden, Germany
Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy source
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Advantages of Wind Turbine
The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce
electricity throughout the day.
Energy output from a wind turbine will vary as the wind varies,
although the most rapid variations will to some extent be compensated
for by the inertia of the wind turbine rotor.
Generates no pollution and has little environmental impact. Up to 95
percent of land used for wind farms can also be used for other
profitable activities including ranching, farming and forestry.
The decreasing cost of wind power and the growing interest in
renewable energy sources should ensure that wind power will become
a viable energy source in worldwide.