7.

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
MEMBERS &
THERMAL STRESSES
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
Structure for which equilibrium equations are sufficient to
obtain the solution are classified as statically determinate.
But for some combination of members subjected to axial
loads, the solution cannot be obtained by merely using
equilibrium equations.The structural problems with number
of unknowns greater than the number independent
equilibrium equations are called statically indeterminate.
The following equations are required to solve the problems
on statically indeterminate structure.
1) Equilibrium equations based on free body diagram of the
structure or part of the structure.
2) Equations based on geometric relations regarding elastic
deformations, produced by the loads.
COMPOUND BAR
Material(1)
Material(2)
A compound bar is one which is made of two or more than
two materials rigidly fixed, so that they sustain together an
externally applied load. In such cases
(i) Change in length in all the materials are same.
(ii) Applied load is equal to sum of the loads carried by eachbar.
W
L
1
L
2
(dL)
1
= (dL)
2

(
1
/ E
1
)L
1
= (
2
/E
2
)L
2

1
=
2
( E
1
/E
2
)(L
1
/L
2
)

(1)
E
1
/E
2
is called modular ratio

Total load = load carried by material (1) + load carried by
material(2)

W =
1
A
1
+
2
A
2

(2)
From Equation (1) & (2)
1
and
2
can be calculated
Illustrative Problems
Q.7.1 A load of 300KN is supported by a short concrete
column 250mm square. The column is strengthened
by 4 steel bars in corners with total c/s area of
4800mm
2
. If E
s
=15E
c
, find the stress in steel and
concrete.

If the stress in concrete not to exceed 4MPa, find the
area of steel required so that the column can support a
load of 600KN.

Deformation is same
(dL)
s
= (dL)
c
(
s
/ E
s
) L
s
= (
c
/ E
c
) L
c

s
/ 15E
c
=
c
/E
c


250mm
250mm
Steel
Case(i)
A
s
= 4800mm
2
A
c
= (250 250) 4800
= 57,700 mm
2

s
= 15
c

(1)
W =
s
A
s
+
c
A
c
300 10
3
= 15
c
4800 +
c
57,700

c
= 2.31 N/mm
2

s
= 15
c

= 15 x 2.31
= 34.69N/mm
2


Case (ii)

W=
s
A
s
+
c
A
c

600 10
3
= 15
c
A
s
+
c
A
c

600 10
3
= (15 4) A
s
+ 4 (250 250 A
s
)

A
s
= 6250 mm
2

Q.7.2 A mild steel rod 5 mm diameter passes centrally
through a copper tube of internal diameter 25mm and
thickness 4mm. The composite section is 600mm long
and their ends are rigidly connected. It is then acted upon
by an axial tensile load of 50kN. Find the stresses &
deformation in steel and copper. Take E
cu
= 100GPa, E
s
=
200GPa
600mm
Steel
Copper
5mm
25mm
33mm
50KN
Since deformation are same
(dL)
s
= (dL)
cu
(
s
/ E
s
)L
s
=(
cu
/ E
cu
) L
cu

s
/ (200 10
3
)=
cu
/ (100
10
3
)

s
= 2
cu

W =
s
A
s
+
cu
A
cu


50 10
3
=2
cu
( /4) (5)
2
+
cu
/4 [(33)
2
(25)
2
]

cu
= 123.86N/mm
2


s
= 247.72 N/mm
2

(dL)
s
= (
s
/ E
s
) L
s


(dL)
s
=[247.72/(200 10
3
)] 600
=0.74mm
= (dL)
cu
Q.7.3 Three vertical rods AB, CD, EF are hung from rigid
supports and connected at their ends by a rigid horizontal
bar. Rigid bar carries a vertical load of 20kN. Details of the
bar are as follows:
(i) Bar AB :- L=500mm, A=100mm
2
, E=200GPa
(ii) Bar CD:- L=900mm, A=300mm
2
, E=100GPa
(iii) Bar EF:- L=600mm, A=200mm
2
, E=200kN/mm
2
If the rigid bar remains horizontal even after loading,
determine the stress and elongation in each bar.
Solution:
600mm
900mm
500mm
A
B
D
E
C
F
20kN
W = (
AB

A
AB
)

+ (
CD
A
CD
)

+ (
EF
A
EF
)


20 10
3
= (3.6
CD
100) + (
CD
300) + (3
CD
200)

CD
= 15.87N/mm
2

AB
= 3.6 15.87 = 57.14N/mm
2

EF
= 3 15.87 = 47.61N/mm
2

dL
AB
= (
AB
/ E
AB
)

L
AB
= [57.14/(200 10
3
)] 500
dL
AB
= 0.14 =

(dL)
CD
= (dL)
EF


Deformations are same
(dL)
AB
= (dL)
CD
= (dL)
EF

(
AB
/ E
AB
) L
AB
= (
CD
/ E
CD
)

L
CD
= (
EF
/ E
EF
) L
EF

[
AB
/(200 10
3
)] 500 =[
CD
/(100 10
3
)] 900= [
EF
/(200 10
3
)]

600


AB
= 3.6
CD
,
EF
= 3
CD


Q.7.4 Two copper rods and one steel rod together
supports as shown in figure. The stress in copper and
steel not to exceed 60MPa and 120MPa respectively.
Find the safe load that can be supported. Take E
s
= 2E
cu
W
Copper
(30mm30mm)
Copper
(30mm30mm)
Steel
(40mm40mm)
120mm
80mm
Solution:
Deformations are same
(dL)
s
= (dL)
cu

(
s
/ E
s
) L
s
= (
cu
/ E
cu
) L
cu

(
s
/ 2E
cu
) 200 =(
cu
/ E
cu
) 120

s
= 1.2
cu
Let
cu
=60MPa=60N/mm
2
,
s
=1.2x60 = 72N/mm
2
< 120N/mm
2

(safe)
Safe load = W =
s
A
s
+ 2(
cu
A
cu
)
= 72(40 40) + 2 [60(30 30)]
Safe load = W = 223.2 10
3
N = 223.2 kN
Q.7.5 A rigid bar AB 9m long is suspended by two vertical
rods at its end A and B and hangs in horizontal position by
its own weight. The rod at A is brass, 3m long, 1000mm
2
c/s
and E
b
= 10
5
N/mm
2
. The rod at B is steel, length 5m,
445mm
2
c/s and E
s
= 200GPa. At what distance x from A, if
a vertical load P = 3000N be applied if the bar remains
horizontal after the load is applied.

9m
5m
3m
Steel
A B
3000N
Brass
x
W=
s
A
s
+
b
A
b

3000= (1.2
b
445) + (
b
1000)

b
= 1.95N/mm
2

s
= 2.34N/mm
2
+ve M
A
= 0
-(3000) (x) + (2.34 445) 9000 = 0
x = 3123.9 mm
= 3.12m from A
If the load of 3000N is kept at a distance of 3.12m from
A, bar AB will remain horizontal.
Deformations are same
(dL)
b
= (dL)
s
(
b
/ E
b
) L
b
= (
s
/ E
s
) L
s
(
b
/ 10
5
) (3 10
3
) = [
s
/ (200 10
3
)] [5 10
3
]

s
= 1.2
b

Q.7.6 A mild steel bar of c/s 490mm
2
is surrounded by a
copper tube of 210mm
2
as shown. When they are
placed centrally over a rigid bar, it is found that steel bar
is 0.15 mm longer. Over this unit a rigid plate carrying a
load of 80 kN is placed. Find the stress in each bar, if
the length of the compound bar is 1m.
Take E
s
= 200 GPa, E
cu
= 100 GPa.

Steel bar
80kN
Copper tube
0.15mm
1000mm
(dL)
s
= (dL)
cu
+ 0.15
(
s
/ E
s
) L
s
=(
cu
/ E
cu
) L
cu
+ 0.15
[
s
/ (200 10
3
)] 1000.15 = {[
cu
/ (100 10
3
)] 1000} + 0.15

s
= 2
cu
+ 30
W =
s
A
s
+
cu
A
cu

80 10
3
= [( 2
cu
+ 30) 490] + (
cu
210)

cu
= 54.87N/mm
2

s
= (254.87) + 30
= 139.84N/mm
2
Solution:
Temperature Stress
L
A
B
L
A
B
L
A
B
B
P
TL
Any material is capable of expanding or contracting freely
due to rise or fall in temperature. If it is subjected to rise in
temperature of TC, it expands freely by an amount TL as
shown in figure. Where is the coefficient of linear
expansion, TC = rise in temperature and L = original length.
From the above figure it is seen that B shifts to B' by an
amount TL. If this expansion is to be prevented a
compressive force is required at B'.
Temperature strain = TL/(L + TL) TL/L= T
Temperature stress = TE
Hence the temperature strain is the ratio of expansion or
contraction prevented to its original length.
If a gap is provided for expansion then
Temperature strain = (TL ) / L
Temperature stress = [(TL )/L] E

Temperature stress in compound
bars:-
Material(2)
Material(1)

2
TL

1
TL
(dL)
1
P
1
(dL)
2
P
2
x
x
When a compound bar is subjected to change in temperature,
both the materials will experience stresses of opposite nature.
Compressive force on material (1) = tensile force on material (2)

1
A
1
=
2
A
2
(there is no external
load)

1
=(
2
A
2
)/A
1 (1)
As the two bars are connected together, the actual position of the
bars will be at XX.
Actual expansion in material (1) = actual expansion in material (2)

1
TL (dL)
1
=
2
TL + (dL)
2


1
TL (
1
/ E
1
) L =
2
TL + (
2
/ E
2
) L
T (
1
/ E
1
) =
2
T +
2
/ E
2
--------------------------(2)
From (1) and (2) magnitude of
1
and
2
can be found out.


Q.7.7 A steel rail 30m long is at a temperature of 24C.
Estimate the elongation when temperature increases to
44C. (1) Calculate the thermal stress in the rail under the
following two conditions :
(i) No expansion gap provided
(ii) If a 6mm gap is provided for expansion
(2) If the stress developed is 60MPa

, what is the gap left
between the rails?
Take E = 200GPa, = 18 x 10
-6
/C
IllustrativeProblems
Free expansion TL = 18 10
-6
(44-24) 30 10
3
= 10.8mm
i) No expansion joints provided:-
Temperature stress = TE
= 18 10
-6
20 200 10
3
= 72N/mm
2

ii) 6mm gap is provided for expansion
temperature stress =[( TL ) / L] E
=[(10.8 6)/(30 10
3
)] 200 10
3
= 32N/mm
2
when stress = 60MPa
temperature stress = [( TL ) / L] E
= [(10.8 ) / (30 10
3
)] 200 10
3

= 1.8mm
Q.7.8 A steel bar is placed between two copper bars. Steel
bar and copper bar has c/s 60mm 10mm and 40mm
5mm respectively connected rigidly on each side. If the
temperature is raised by 80C, find stress in each metal
and change in length. The length of bar at normal
temperature is 1m. E
s
= 200GPa, E
cu
= 100GPa,
s
= 12 x
10
-6
/ C,
cu
= 17x10
-6
/ C
Steel
Copper

cu
TL
cu
(dL)
cu
P
cu
(dL)
s
P
s
Copper
40mm
60mm
40mm
1000mm
P
cu
x

s
TL
s
x
Solution:
Compressive force on copper bar = tensile force on steel bar
2
cu
A
cu
=
s
A
s
2
cu
( 40 5) =
s
( 60 10)

cu
TL
cu
- (dL)
cu
=
s
TL
s
+ (dL)
s


cu
TL
cu
- (
cu
/ E
cu
) L
cu
=
s
TL
s
+ (
s
/ E
s
) L
s

cu
= 1.5
s
Actual expansion in copper = Actual expansion in steel
Since L
cu
= L
s
(17 10
-6
80 ) 1.5
s
/(100 10
3
) = (12 10
-6
80) +
s
/(200 10
3
)

s
= 20N/mm
2
(T)

cu
=1.5 20 = 30N/mm
2
(C)
= Change in length =
cu
TL
cu
(
cu
/ E
cu
) L
cu
= 1710
-6
80 1000 [30/(100 10
3
)] 1000
= 1.06mm
Q.7.9 A horizontal rigid bar weighing 200 kN is hung by three
vertical rods each of 1m length and 500mm2 c/s symmetrically as
shown. Central rod is steel and the outer rods are copper.
Temperature rise is 40C. (1) Determine the load carried by each
rod and by how much the horizontal bar descend? Given Es =
200GPa. Ecu=100GPa. s =1.2 x 10-5/C. cu=1.8x 10-5/C. (2)
What should be the temperature rise if the entire load of 200kN is
to be carried by steel alone.
Copper Copper Steel
P
cu

P
s
P
cu

(dL)
T

(dL)
L

(dL)
T

(dL)
L

(dL)
T

(dL)
L

200kN
[ (dL)
T
+

(dL)
L
]
cu
= [ (dL)
T
+

(dL)
L
]
st
[
cu
TL
cu
+( P
cu
L
cu
/ A
cu
E
cu
) ] = [
s
TL
s
+( P
s
L
s
/ A
s
E
s
)]

-----(1)
For equilibrium condition F
v
= 0: P
s
+ 2P
cu
= 200 10
3
P
s
= 200 10
3
2P
cu
Substituting in (1)
[1.8 10
-5
40 + P
cu
/ (500 100 10
3
)]
={ 1.2 10
-5
40 +[ (200 10
3
2P
cu
) / (500 200 10
3
)]}
P
cu
= 44,000N
P
s
= 112 10
3
N
P
s
= 200 10
3
2 44,000
Elongation =
cu
TL
cu
+ (P
cu
L
cu
)/(A
cu
E
cu
)
= 1.8 10
-5
40 1000 +[ 44000 1000/(500 100 10
3
)]
dL=1.6mm
Case (ii)
Copper Steel
P
cu

P
s
P
cu

(dL)
T

(dL)
T

(dL)
L

(dL)
T
200kN
[ (dL)
T
]
cu
= [ (dL)
L
+

(dL)
T
]
s

cu
TL
cu
= P
s
L
s
/ A
s
E
s
+
s
TL
s

[1.8 10
-5
T] =[(200 10
3
) / (500 200 10
3
) +1.2 10
-5
T]
T= 333.33C
Note: When
entire load is
carried by
steel, copper
will have
extension
due to temp.
only
A rigid bar AB is hinged at A and is supported by copper and
steel bars as shown each having c/s area 500mm2. If
temperature is raised by 50C, find stresses in each bar.
Assume E
cu
= 100 Gpa. E
s
= 200GPa,
s
= 1.2 x 10
-5
/C

cu
= 18 x 10
-6
/C
Copper
200mm
D
Steel
150mm
E
A C
B
C
B
B
'

s
TL
s
P
s
(dL)
s
(dL)
cu
C
'

cu
TL
cu
P
cu
C
"
B"
R
A
A
Q.7.10 X
Copper:-
Temp.Stress = [(
cu
TL
cu
) (dL)
cu
/ 200] E
cu
P
cu
= {[(
cu
TL
cu
) (dL)
cu
]/ 200} (E
cu
A
cu
)

=[(18 10
-6
50 200) (dL)
cu
)

/200] 100 10
3
500
P
cu
= [45 10
3
- 250 10
3
(dL)
cu
]-----------(1)
Steel:-
P
s
= {[(dL)
s

s
TL
s
] / 150} E
s
A
s
P
s
= {[(dL)
s
12 x 10
-6
50 150]/150 ]} (200 10
3
500)

P
s
= 6.66 10
5
(dL)
s
6 10
4
----------------(2)

From similar le (dL)
cu
/200 = (dL)
s
/500
(dL)
s
= 2.5(dL)
cu
----------- (3)
+ ve M
A
= 0
-P
s
500 +P
cu
200 = 0
P
cu
= 2.5P
s
(4)
Substituting (1) & (2) in (4)
(45 10
3
) [250 10
3
(dL)
cu
]= 2.5 {[ 6.66 10
5
(dL)
s
] (610
4
)}
45 10
3
250 10
3
(dL)
cu
= 2.5 {[ 6.66 10
5
2.5(dL)
cu
] (610
4
)}

(dL)
cu
= 0.044mm
(dL)
s
=0.11mm

Substituting in (1) & (2)
P
cu
= (45 10
3
) (250 10
3
0.044)
= 34,000N
P
s
= 34,000/2.5 = 13,600N

s
= P
s
/ A
s
=13,600/500 = 27.2N/mm
2
(T)

cu
= P
cu
/ A
cu
= 34,000/500 = 68N/mm
2
(C)
Q.7.11 A composite bar is rigidly fixed at A and B. Determine the
reaction at the support when the temperature is raised by 20C.
Take EAl = 70GPa, Es = 200GPa, Al = 11 x 10-6/C,
s = 12 x 10
-6
/C.
A = 600mm
2
A = 300mm
2
40kN
Aluminium
1m
Steel
3m
B
A
+ve
F
X
= 0

R
A
40 10
3
+R
B
= 0
R
A
= 40 10
3
R
B
[

(dL)
T
+ (dL)
L
]
al
+ [ (dL)
T
+ (dL)
L
]
s
= 0
{[( T L) [(R
A
x L) /(A E )]}
al
+ {[(TL)+[( R
B
L

)/(AE)]
s
= 0
A = 600mm
2
A = 300mm
2
40kN
A
L
1m
Steel
3m
R
B
R
A
Aluminium:-
R
A
R
A
Steel:-
R
B
R
B
(11 10
-6
20 1000) [{(40 10
3
R
B
)1000}/(600 70 10
3
)] + (12
10
-6
20 3000 )+ (R
B
3000)/(300 200 10
3
)= 0
0.22 0.95 + (2.38 10
-5
R
B
) + 0.072 +( 5 10
-5
R
B
)= 0
7.38 10
-5
R
B
= 0.658
R
A
= 8915.99 8916N ( )
R
B
= 31,084N ( )
Q.7.12 A bar is composed of 3 segments as shown in figure.
Find the stress developed in each material when the
temperature is raised by 50C under two conditions
i)Supports are perfectly rigid
ii) Right hand support yields by 0.2mm
Take Es = 200GPa, E
cu
=100GPa, E
al
= 70GPa,
s
= 12 x 10
-6
/C,

cu
= 18 x 10
-6
/C,
al
= 24 x 10
-6
/C.
A=200mm
2
A=400mm
2
A=600mm
2
150mm

200mm
150mm
Steel
Copper Aluminium
Case(i) Supports are perfectly rigid
(dL)
s
+ (dL)
cu
+ (dL)
al
=
s
TL
s
+
cu
TL
cu
+
al
TL
al
= (12 10
-6
50 150 ) +(18 10
-6
50 200) +(24 10
-6
50 150)
= 0.45mm
(
s
/E
s
) L
s
+ (
cu
/E
cu
) L
cu
+ (
al
/E
al
) L
al
= 0.45mm
[
s
/(200 10
3
)]150+[
cu
/(10010
3
)]200+[
al
/(70 10
3
)]150=0.45 -(1)
From principle of compound bars

s
A
s
=
cu
A
cu
=
al
A
al

s
200 =
cu
400 =
al
600

s
=2
cu

al
= 0.67
cu
Substituting in (1)
[2
cu
/(200 10
3
)]150+[
cu
/(100 10
3
)]200+[0.67
cu
/(7010
3
)]
150=0.45

cu
= 91.27N/mm
2

s
= 2
cu
= 182.54N/mm
2
,

al
= 0.67
cu
= 61.15N/mm
2

Case (ii) Right hand support yield by 0.2mm
(
s
/E
s
) L
s
+ (
cu
/E
cu
) L
cu
+ (
al
/E
al
) L
al
= 0.45 0.2=0.25
[2
cu
/(200 10
3
)]150+[
cu
/(100 10
3
)]200+[0.67
cu
/(7010
3
)]
150=0.25

cu
= 50.61N/mm
2

s
= 2
cu
= 101.22N/mm
2,

al
= 0.67
cu
= 33.91N/mm
2

Exercise problems
Q1. A circular concrete pillar consists of six steel rods of
22mm diameter each reinforced into it. Determine the
diameter of pillar required when it has to carry a load of
1000kN. Take allowable stresses for steel & concrete as
140Mpa & 8Mpa respectively. The modular ratio is 15
ANS: D=344.3mm
Q2. Determine the stresses & deformation induced
in Bronze & steel as shown in figure. Given
A
s
=1000mm
2
, A
b
=600mm
2
, E
s
= 200Gpa, E
b
= 83Gpa
ANS: (
b
=55Mpa,
s
=93.5Mpa, dL
s
=dL
b
=0.093mm)
160kN
Bronze
Bronze
Steel
Q3. A cart wheel of 1.2m diameter is to be provided with
steel tyre. Assume the wheel to be rigid. If the stress in steel
does not exceed 140MPa, calculate minimum diameter of steel
tyre & minimum temperature to which it should be heated
before on to the wheel.

ANS: d=1199.16mm T=58.330C
Q4. A brass rod 20mm diameter enclosed in a steel tube of
25mm internal diameter & 10mm thick. The bar & the tube are
initially 2m long & rigidly fastened at both the ends. The
temperature is raised from 200C to 800C. Find the stresses in
both the materials.
If the composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull of 50kN, find
the total stress. Es=200GPa, Eb=80GPa, s=1210-6/0C,
b=1910-6/0C.
ANS: b=8.81N/mm2 ( C ) , s=47.99N/mm2( T )