Transient

Equation of motion
0
2
0
2
2
= + + x m
dt
dx
m
dt
x d
m e
resistance force is proportional to speed :
dx
c
dt
For convenience:
c m =
Also, k=me
0
2
Underdamped

e

e

o
e

e

o
e
i i
i i
= =
+ = + =
<
2 4 2
2 4 2
2
2
2
0 2
2
2
0 1
0
( )
2
1
2
2
/ 2
1 2
i t
t
i t
t
i t i t
t
x Ae e
x Ae e
x Cx Dx e Ee Fe

e e

=
=
= + = +
For x to be a real solution of equation of motion F=E*
( )
*
2
t
i t i t
x e Ee E e

e e

= +

e
-t/2
cos e

t
e

t
x
Damped cosine oscillation
Logarithmic decrement
0 25 50
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
e

t
x
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
1
ln
2
n
n
A T
A

o
+
= =
To find E and E
*
we choose the initial conditions
0 0
at 0 and v
dx
t x x
dt
= = =
0
0
0
0
0
*
0
v
2
E
2 2
v
2
E
2 2
x
x
i
x
x
i

e
+
= +
+
=
0
0
/ 2
0
v
2
[ cos sin ]
t
x
x e x t t

e e
e

+
= +
Phase difference between x and v is not simply t/2.
High Damping
0
2
2
1 0
2
2
2 0
2
2 4
2 4
e

o e

o e
>
= +
=
( )
( )
( )
2 2
0
2 2
0
2 2 2 2
0 0
2 / 4
1
2 / 4
2
/ 4 / 4
/ 2
1 2
t
t
t t
t
x Ae
x Ae
x Cx Dx e Ee Fe
e
e
e e

=
=
= + = +
For very high damping
0
2 e >>
2 2 2
2
0 0
0
2 2
4 2
1 1
4 2 2
e e
e

(
= ~
(

SB
For very high damping
Two different time scale involved in damped SHM
0
0
1
T
e
1
D
T

Critical Damping
General Solution
] Bt A [ e ) t ( x
t
+ =

0
2 e =
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
t
x
low damping
high damping
critical damping
Transient : Damped oscillation with no forcing
Walter Fendt (2006)
http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/springpendulum.htm
Pohls Pendulum
Forced and Damped Oscillation
1. Stimulation motor 2. Rotating pendulum 3. Bearing block
4. Electromagnetic break 5. Spiral spring

Eddy current brake
If a large conductive metal plate is moved through a
magnetic field which intersects perpendicularly to the sheet,
the magnetic field will induce small "rings" of current
which will actually create internal magnetic fields opposing
the change. This is why a large sheet of
metal swung through a strong magnetic field will stop as
it starts to move through the field.
Eddy current
Transients
Equation of motion
0
2
0
2
2
= + + x m
dt
dx
m
dt
x d
m e
( )
2
t
i t i t
x e Ce De

e e

= +
For low damping
2
2
0
4

e e =
For high damping
2 2
2 2
0 0
) )
/ 2
4 4
t t
t
x e Ee Fe

e e

| |
|
= +
|
\ .
For critical damping
] Bt A [ e ) t ( x
t
+ =

Problem 11
A thin uniform disc of mass m and radius R suspended by an elastic thread
performs small torsional oscillations in a liquid. The moment of elastic forces
emerging in the thread is equal to o|, where o is a constant and | is the
angle of rotation from the equilibrium position. The resistance force acting
on a unit area of the disc is equal to F
1
=qv, where v is the velocity of the
given element of the disc relative to the liquid. Find the frequency of small
oscillations.
Problem 8
A particle is displaced from the equilibrium position by a distance
l=1.0 cm and left alone. What is the distance that the particle covers
till its oscillations die down, if the logarithmic decrement is equal to
0.20.
Problem 23

A mass m=50 gm is suspended by a massless spring with a spring
constant 20 N/m. The mass performs steady state vertical oscillation
of amplitude 1.3 cm. Due to an external harmonic force of frequency
e=25 sec-1. The displacement lags behind the force by an angle
|=3t/4. Find

(a) The quality factor of the given oscillator

(b) The work performed by the external force in one oscillation