Presentation by:

RITAM BAKSHI
B.C.E-IV,ROLL:000910401062
Under The Guidance of :
Dr. SANKAR CHAKRABARTI
PROFESSOR
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
PILE FOUNDATIONS: WHEN IS IT REQUIRED
Top layers of soil are highly compressible for it to support
Structural loads through shallow foundations.

Rock level is shallow enough for end bearing pile Foundations
provide a more economical design.

Lateral forces are relatively prominent.

In presence of expansive and collapsible soils at the site.

Offshore structures

Strong uplift forces on shallow foundations due to shallow water
table can be partly transmitted to piles.

For structures near flowing water (bridge abutments, etc.)to avoid
the problems due to erosion.
TYPES OF PILES
1. POINT/END BEARING PILES

2. FRICTION PILES

3. TENSION/UPLIFT PILES

4. ANCHOR PILES

5. COMPACTION PILES

6. FENDER/DOLPHIN PILES

7. BATTER PILE

8. SHEET PILE

ON BASIS OF THEIR FUNCTION

OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
(a)Material of Construction - timber, steel, concrete, composite piles.
(b)Cross-Section - circular, square, hexagonal, I-section-section, pipe,
etc.
(c)Shape - cylindrical, tapered, under reamed, etc.
(d)Mode Of Load Transfer - bearing, friction, tension etc.
(e)Method Of Forming - precast, prestressed, cast in situ, etc.
(f)Method Of Installation - driven, bored, vibrated, jetted, etc.

The selection of pile types to be used in a project depends on
several factors, these are:-

The type of structure and the load it carries.

Strata classification and soil characteristics

Durability

Economy
SELECTION OF PILE TYPES

Load Transfer Mechanism

Qu = Q
b
+ Q
f
= q
b
A
b
+f
s
A
s

Where Qu = ultimate load applied on
the top of the pile

q
b
= ultimate unit bearing capacity of
the pile at the base

A
b
= bearing area of the base of the
pile

A
s
= total surface area of pile
embedded below ground surface

f
s
= unit skin friction (ultimate)

SAFE LOAD CAPACITY & FACTOR OF SAFETY
2


..3
Q
a =
Q
u
F.O.S ........1
METHODS OF DETERMINING ULTIMATE LOAD BEARING
CAPACITY OF A SINGLE VERTICAL PILE


The ultimate bearing capacity, Qu, of a single vertical pile may
be determined by any of the following methods.



1. The use of static bearing capacity equations.


2. Dynamic method.


3. Field load tests.


4. The use of SPT and CPT values.

Point Load capacity of Pile: General Bearing
Capacity approach

Ultimate bearing capacity of soil considering general
bearing capacity equation. Shape, inclination, and depth
factors are included in bearing capacity factors
C=cohesion value of soil
q=effective overburden pressure
=unit weight of soil
D=dia. Of foundation
Nc,Nq,Nr=c- characteristics values of soil
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY STATIC FORMULA

PILES IN GRANULAR SOILS
The ultimate bearing capacity ( Qu ) of piles in granular soils is given by :

Q
s

Q
B

D
D
f

Q
C,
Q
B
Q
S

K = coefficient of earth pressure;
P
Di
= effective overburden pressure in kg/cm
2
for the i
th
layer where i
varies from 1 to n;
= angle of wall friction between pile and soil, in degrees (may be
taken equal to ); and
A
si
= surface area of pile stem in cm
2
in the i
th
layer where i varies
from 1 to n.
Q
u
= A
p
(1/2.D.N
r
+ P
d
.N
c
) +
i=1
n
K.P
di
.tan.A
si

PILES IN COHESIVE SOILS
The ultimate bearing capacity of piles (Qu) in cohesive soil is given by the following:

Ap = cross sectional area of pile toe in cm
2
,
Nc = bearing capacity factor usually taken as 9,
C
p
= average cohesion at pile tip in kg/cm
2
,
= reduction factor,(generally taken between 0.3-0.5)
C = average cohesion throughout the length of pile in Kg/cm
2
, and
As = surface area of pile shaft in cm
2
.
Q
u
=A
p
.N
c
.C
p
+.C.A
s

PILE LOAD TEST



Static pile load test is the most reliable means of
determining the load capacity of a pile. The test
procedure consists of applying static load to the pile in
increments up to a designated level of load and
recording the vertical deflection of the pile. The load is
usually transmitted by means of a hydraulic jack placed
between the top of the pile and a beam supported by
two or more reaction piles. The vertical deflection of the
top of the pile is usually measured by mechanical
gauges attached to a beam, which span over the test
pile.
CONCLUSION

Generally pile foundation is provided for
high rise building or a super structure where the load coming from the
superstructure is high, and also the soil is weak and is unable to take the
load. But now a days in all kind of Industrial and General structures pile
foundation is provided due to the following main advantages:

Load carrying capacity is high

Pile foundation resists the wind load, seismic load and torsional moment
due to effects of wind and seismic action or both

Also piles can be provided in groups so that it can resist the load coming
for the superstructure and the soil volume inside the pile group can resist
the horizontal forces acting on the piles
REFERENCES

1.IS-2911(PART 1,PART 2,PART 3,PART 4).1979

2.FOUNDATION DESIGN THEORY AND PRACTICE ,N. S. V. Kameswara Rao

3.Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering By
V N S Murthy

4.Theory and Practice of Foundation Design, Som & Das