CDMA Technologies for Cellular Systems

CDMA Technologies for Cellular Phone System , Dec.
22, 2005 1
CDMA Technologies
for Cellular Phone System
December 22, 2005

Hiroyasu Ishikawa
YRP Research Center
KDDI R&D Laboratories
CDMA Technologies for Cellular Phone System , Dec. 22, 2005 2
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Spread Spectrum Technology
3. DS-CDMA
4. Spreading Codes
5. Features of CDMA
RAKE Receiver
Power Control
Frequency Allocation
Soft Handoff
6. Conclusion
Introduction:
Overview of Cellular systems
Evolution of Cellular Systems
1st.Generation
(1980s)
Analog
NMT CT0
TACS CT1
AMPS
3rd. Generation
(2000s)
2nd. Generation
(1990s)
Digital
GSM DECT
DCS1800 CT2
PDC PHS
IS-54
IS-95
IS-136
UP-PCS
IMT-2000
CDMA2000
W-CDMA
Major Operators of Cellular Phone Services
in Japan
Operator
2G 3G
Frequency
Remarks for 3G handset
KDDI/au
800 MHz
(1.5GHz
For Tu-Ka)
800MHz
2GHz
CDMA2000 1x
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO
backward compatibility
with 2G (cdmaOne)
NTT DoCoMo
800 MHz
1.5GHz
2GHz
W-CDMA single
W-CDMA/PDC Dual
vodaphone 1.5 GHz 2GHz
W-CDMA single
W-CDMA/GSM Dual
Japans Cellular Subscriber Growth
Record
0
20
40
60
80
100
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
N
o
.

o
f

S
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s

(
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
)

end December of Year
end Nov
2005
89,679K
cdmaOne/
CDMA2000 1x/
EV-DO
21222K
PDC (TDMA)
47,787K
W-CDMA
20,670K
PDC
Analog cdmaOne/CDMA2000 1x/EV-DO
W-CDMA
/Nov.
Requirements for 3G mobile systems
High Capacity
Tolerance for interference
Privacy
Tolerance for fading
Ability to various data rate
transmission
Flexible QoS
IMT-2000 systems approved by ITU-R
Popular
name
Access
method
Body of
Technical
Spec
production
IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC
IMT-FT
(Direct Sequence) (Multi Carrier) (Time Code) (Single Carrier) (Frequency Time)
W-CDMA CDMA2000
UTRA-TDD
UWC-136 DECT
CDMA-FDD CDMA-TDD CDMA-FDD TDMA-TDD TDMA-FDD
3GPP(FDD 3GPP2 3GPP(TDD)
CWTS
IS-136 DECT
ESTI
ESTI
TIA
TTA
T1
CWTS
ARIB/TTC ARIB/TTC
CWTS
TTA
ESTI
TTA
T1
CWTS
TIA
Approved in 2000 as ITU-R M.1457
TD-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
Organization
Partners
Duplex & Multiple Access Methods
Duplex Methods of Radio Links
Mobile Station
Base Station
Forward link
Reverse link
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is
different
In each link, signals are continuously transmitted in
parallel.
Mobile Station
Base Station
Forward link (F1)
Reverse link (F2)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is
the same.
In each link, signals are incontinuously transmitted
by turns just like a ping-pong.
Mobile Station
Base Station
Forward link (F1)
Reverse link (F1)
Example of FDD systems
Transmitter
Receiver
BPF: Band Pass Filter
BPF
BPF
Transmitter
Receiver
BPF
BPF
F1
F2
F1
F2
Mobile Station
Base Station
Example of TDD Systems
Transmitter
Receiver
BPF: Band Pass Filter
BPF
Transmitter
Receiver
BPF
F1
F1
Mobile Station
Base Station
Synchronous Switches
Multiple Access Methods
Mobile Station
Base Station
Mobile Station
Mobile Station
Mobile Station
Forward link
Reverse link
FDMA Overview
A
A
B
B
C
C
Time
f
2
f
1
f
0
TDMA Overview
C B A C B A C B A C B A
C
A
B
Time
f
0
What is CDMA ?
Sender Receiver
Code A
A
Code B
B
A
B
A
B
C
B
C
A
Code A
A
B
C
Time
B
C
B
A
Base-band Spectrum Radio Spectrum
spread spectrum
Summary of Multiple Access
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
p
o
w
e
r

p
o
w
e
r

p
o
w
e
r

Spread Spectrum Technology
How to spread spectrum...
Direct Sequence (DS)
Modulation
(primary modulation)
user data
S
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g

(
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
)

Tx
Base-band
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

Radio
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

TIME
data rate
10110100
spreading sequence
(spreading code)
Demodulating DS Signals (1/2)
If you know the correct spreading sequence (code) ,
Radio
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

Accumulate for
one bit duration
Demodulated data
Base-band
Frequency
gathering energy !
spreading sequence
(spreading code)
10110100 10110100 10110100
received signal
TIME
01001011 10110100 10110100
0 0 1
11111111 00000000 00000000
0+0=0
1+0=1
0+1=1
1+1=0
Demodulating DS Signals (2/2)
If you dont know the correct spreading sequence (code)
Base-band
Frequency
received signal
spreading sequence
(spreading code)
Accumulate for
one bit duration
Demodulated data
Radio
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

10101010 10101010 10101010
TIME
01001011 10110100 10110100
No data can be detected
- - -
10110100 10110100 10110100
Feature of SS
Privacy, Security
Radio
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

Power density of SS-signals would be lower than the noise density.
transmitted SS-signal

Noise
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

Radio
Frequency
Noise

received signal
de-
modulator
Base-band
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

With incorrect code
(or carrier frequency),
SS-signal itself
cannot be detected.
Other system cannot recognize the existence of
communication, because of signal behind the noise.
With correct code
(and carrier frequency),
data can be detected.
Base-band
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

DS-CDMA
Freq. Freq.
BPF
Despreader
Code B
Freq. Freq.
BPF
Despreader
Code A
DS-CDMA System Overview
(Forward link)
CDMA is a multiple spread spectrum.
Difference between each communication path is only the spreading code
Data B
Code B
BPF
Freq.
Freq.

Data A
Code A
BPF
Freq.
Freq.
MS-A

MS-B
BS
Data A
Data B
Freq. Freq.
BPF
Despreader
Code B
Freq. Freq.
BPF
Despreader
Code A
DS-CDMA System Overview
(Reverse Link)
CDMA is a multiple spread spectrum.
Difference between each communication path is only the spreading code
Data B
Code B
BPF
Freq.
Freq.

Data A
Code A
BPF
Freq.
Freq.

MS-B
MS-A
BS
Data A
Data B
Spreading Code
Cross-Correlation
Cross-Correlation
between Code A and Code B = 6/16
Self-Correlation
for each code is 1.
one data bit duration
Spreading Code A
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
one data bit duration
Spreading Code A
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
Spreading Code A
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Spreading Code B
1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
0+0=0
1+0=1
0+1=1
1+1=0
Preferable Codes
In order to minimize mutual interference in DS-CDMA ,
the spreading codes
with less cross-correlation should be chosen.
Synchronous DS-CDMA :
Orthogonal Codes are appropriate. (Walsh code etc.)

Asynchronous DS-CDMA :
Pseudo-random Noise (PN) codes / Maximum sequence
Gold codes
Multiplexing using Walsh Code
C o d e f o r 0 0
C o d e f o r 0 1
C o d e f o r 1 0
C o d e f o r 1 1
D a t a
M o d u l a t o r
C o d e f o r 0 1
C o d e f o r 1 0
C o d e f o r 1 1
0
d t
T

S e l e c t
m a x i m u m
v a l u e
C o d e f o r 0 0
0
d t
T

0
d t
T

0
d t
T

D e m o d u l a t o r
Synchronous DS-CDMA
Forward Link
(Down Link)
Synchronous Chip Timing

A
A
Signal for B Station
(after de-spreading)
Less Interference for A station
Synchronous CDMA Systems realized in Point to Multi-point System.
e.g., Forward Link (Base Station to Mobile Station) in Mobile Phone.
Asynchronous DS-CDMA
In asynchronous CDMA system, orthogonal codes produce bad
cross-correlation.
Reverse Link
(Up Link)
B
A
Signal for B Station
(after re-spreading)
Big Interference
from A station
Asynchronous Chip Timing
Signals from A and B are
interfering each other.
A

B
Features of CDMA
Mobile Propagation Environment
Multi-path Fading
The peaks and bottoms of received power
appear, in proportion to Doppler frequency.
Base Station (BS)
Mobile Station (MS)
multi-path
propagation
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

path-2
path-2
path-3
path-3
path-1
path-1
Time
P
o
w
e
r

Fading in non-CDMA System
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
path-2
path-3
With low time-resolution, different signal
paths cannot be discriminated.
These signals sometimes strengthen, and
sometimes cancel out each other,
depending on their phase relation.
This is fading.
In this case, signal quality is damaged
when signals cancel out each other.
In other words, signal quality is dominated
by the probability for detected power to be
weaker than minimum required level.
Time
P
o
w
e
r

Detected Power
In non-CDMA system, fading damages signal quality.
Required signal level
Fading in CDMA System ...
As the CDMA system has high time-resolution,
different path delay of CDMA signals can be
discriminated.
Energy from all paths can be summed by adjusting
their phases and path delays.
This is a principle of RAKE receiver.
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
path-2
path-3
CDMA
Receiver
CDMA
Receiver

S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

A
d
d
e
r

CODE A
with timing of path-1
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
path-2
path-3
CODE A
with timing of path-2
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

path-2
interference produced by path-2 and path-3

Fading in CDMA System (continued)
In CDMA system, multi-path propagation improves
the signal quality by adopting RAKE receiver.
Time
P
o
w
e
r

Detected Power
RAKE
receiver
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
path-2
path-3
Detected power of CDMA
signal will be less fluctuated
by combining all energy
Near-Far Problem
CODE B
CDMA
Transmitter
DATA B
CODE A
CDMA
Receiver
CODE A
CDMA
Transmitter
DATA A
P
Desired Signal Power = P/Lp-a
Interfered Signal Power = P/Lp-b/G
G: processing gain
Demodulated DATA
P
Lp-a
Lp-b
When user B is close to the receiver and user A is far
from the receiver, Lp-a could be much bigger than Lp-b.
In this case, desired signal power is smaller than the
interfered power.
Power Control...

Time D
e
t
e
c
t
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

from A
from B
As the propagation losses between BS and MSs are different according to
individual communication distances, the received levels at the base station
are different from each other when all mobile stations transmit their signals
at the same power.
Moreover, the received level fluctuates quickly due to fading.
In order to maintain the strength of received signal level at BS, power control
technique must be employed in CDMA systems.
Power Control (continued)

Open Loop Power Control Closed Loop Power Control
estimating path
loss
calculating
transmission
power
transmit
measuring
received power
transmit receive
decide
transmission
power
transmit
measuring
received power
power control
command
about 1000 times
per second

Effect of Power Control

Time
D
e
t
e
c
t
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

from MS B
from MS A
Effect of Power Control
Power control is capable of compensating the fading fluctuation.
Received power from all MS are controlled to be equal.
Near-Far problem is mitigated by the power control.
Frequency Allocation (1/2)
In FDMA or TDMA, radio resource is allocated not to be interfered
among neighbor cells.
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
cell : a cell means covered area by one base station.
Neighbor cells cannot use the
same (identical) frequency band
(or time slot).
The left figure shows the simple
cell allocation with seven
frequency sub-bands.
In actual situation, it is difficult to
allocate the frequency (or time
slot) appropriately because of
complicated radio propagation
and irregular cell allocation.
Frequency Allocation (2/2)
In the CDMA system, identical radio resource can be allocated
among all cells as explained in Introduction.
Frequency allocation in
CDMA is not necessary.
In this sense, CDMA
cellular system is easy to
be designed.
Soft Handover (1/2)
Handover :
Cellular system tracks mobile stations in order to maintain their communication links.
When mobile station goes to neighbor cell, communication link switches from current
cell to the neighbor cell.
Hard Handover :
In FDMA or TDMA cellular system, a new communication link is established after
breaking the current communication link by hard handover.
Communication between MS and BS instantaneously breaks by switching a frequency
or a time slot.
Hard handover: make connection (new cell B) after break (old cell A)
switching
Cell B
Cell A
Soft Handover (2/2)

Cell B
Cell A
Soft handover : break (old cell A) after make connection (new cell B)
BS A and BS B transmit the same
signal to the MS simultaneously
In CDMA cellular system, communication link keeps a connection even in
the handover procedure. Because the system does not require the
frequency or time slot switching.
Conclusion
CDMA is based on the spread spectrum technology
which has been used in military field.
CDMA cellular system has many advantages
compared with the FDMA and TDMA cellular
systems.
CDMA system was adopted as the international
standard for the 3
rd
generation mobile
communications.
The number of CDMA users will dramatically
increase in the next five years all over the world.

CDMA Technologies for Cellular Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CDMA Technologies for Cellular Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CDMA Technologies for Cellular Phone System , Dec.

You might also like