MAGNETICALLY COUPLED NETWORKS

LEARNING GOALS
Mutual Inductance
Behavior of inductors sharing a common magnetic field
The ideal transformer
Device modeling components used to change voltage and/or
current levels
BASIC CONCEPTS A REVIEW
Magnetic field
Total magnetic flux
linked by N-turn coil
Amperes Law
(linear model)
Faradays
Induction Law
Assumes constant L
and linear models!
Ideal Inductor
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Overview of Induction Laws
Magnetic
flux
webers)
linkage flux Total
( | N =
Li =
If linkage is created by a current flowing
through the coils
(Amperes Law)
The voltage created at the terminals of
the components is
dt
di
L v=
(Faradays Induction Law)
Induced links
on second
coil
2
( )
What happens if the flux created by the
current links to another coil?
One has the effect of mutual inductance
TWO-COIL SYSTEM
(both currents contribute to flux)
Self-induced Mutual-induced
Linear model simplifying
notation
THE DOT CONVENTION
COUPLED COILS WITH DIFFERENT WINDING CONFIGURATION
Dots mark reference polarity
for voltages induced by
each flux
THE DOT CONVENTION REVIEW
Currents and voltages follow
passive sign convention
Flux 2 induced
voltage has + at dot
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1
t
dt
di
L t
dt
di
M t v
t
dt
di
M t
dt
di
L t v
+ =
+ =
LEARNING EXAMPLE
) (
1
t i
) (
2
t i
+

)) ( (
2
t v
For other cases change polarities or
current directions to convert to this
basic case
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
dt
di
M
dt
di
L t v
2 1
1 1
) (
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
dt
di
L
dt
di
M t v
2
2
1
2
) (
dt
di
L
dt
di
M v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L v
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1
+ =
=
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Mesh 1
LEARNING EXAMPLE - CONTINUED
Mesh 2 Voltage Terms
1
i
+

1
v
dt
di
L
dt
di
M v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L v
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1
+ =
+ =
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1
t
dt
di
L t
dt
di
M t v
t
dt
di
M t
dt
di
L t v
+ =
+ =
Equivalent to a
negative mutual
inductance
2
i
+

2
v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L v
2 1
1 1
=
dt
di
L
dt
di
M v
2
2
1
2
=
More on the dot convention
LEARNING EXTENSION

+
2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
di di
v t L t M t
dt dt
= +
1 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
di di
v t M t L t
dt dt
= +
2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
di di
v t L t M t
dt dt
=
1 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
di di
v t M t L t
dt dt
= +
Convert to
basic case
) ( ), (
2 1
t v t v for equations the Write
2 2 1 2
2 1 1 1
I L j MI j V
MI j I L j V
e e
e e
+ =
+ =
Phasor model for mutually
coupled linear inductors
Assuming complex
exponential sources
PHASORS AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1
t
dt
di
L t
dt
di
M t v
t
dt
di
M t
dt
di
L t v
+ =
+ =
LEARNING EXAMPLE
The coupled inductors can be connected in four different ways.
Find the model for each case
CASE I
+
1
V +
2
V
I L j MI j V
MI j I L j V
2 2
1 1
e e
e e
+ =
+ =
Currents into dots
CASE 2
+
1
V +
2
V
Currents into dots
I I
I I
2 1
V V V + =
2 1
V V V =
1 1
2 2
e e
e e
=
=
V j L I j MI
V j MI j L I
1 2
( 2 )
eq
V j L L M I j L I e e = + + =
I L M L j V ) 2 (
2 1
+ = e
eq
L
M
L
eq
of value the on
constraint physical a imposes 0 >
CASE 3
Currents into dots
1
I
2
I
+V +V
2 1
I I I + =
2 2 1
2 1 1
I L j MI j V
MI j I L j V
e e
e e
+ =
+ =
1 2
I I I =
) (
) (
1 2 1
1 1 1
I I L j MI j V
I I M j I L j V
+ =
+ =
e e
e e
I L j I M L j V
MI j I M L j V
2 1 2
1 1
) (
) (
e e
e e
+ =
+ =
) /(
) /(
1
2
M L
M L


( )I M L L M L M j V M L L ) ( ) ( ) 2 (
1 2 2 2 1
+ = + e
I
M L L
M L L
j V
2
2 1
2
2 1
+

= e
CASE 4
Currents into dots
1
I
2
I
+V + ) ( V 2 1
I I I + =
2 2 1
2 1 1
I L j MI j V
MI j I L j V
e e
e e
=
=
2
1 2
1 2
2
L L M
V j I
L L M
e

=
+ +
LEARNING EXAMPLE
0
V VOLTAGE THE FIND

+
1
V

+
2
V
2
I
1 1
2 30 24 V I + = Z : KVL
0 2 2
2 2 2
= + I I j V - : KVL
) ( 6 2
) ( 2 4
2 1 2
2 1 1
I j I j V
I j I j V
+ =
+ =
CIRCUIT INDUCTANCE MUTUAL
2 0
2I V =
S
V
2 1
2 1
) 6 2 2 ( 2 0
2 ) 4 2 (
I j j I j
I j I j V
S
+ + =
+ =
1
I
4 2 /
2 /
j
j
+

( )
2
2
) 4 2 ( 4 2 I j V j
S
+ + =
16 8
2
2
j
V j
I
S
+
= =

j
j
j
V
S
8 16
2
+
j
V
I V
S
2 4
2
2 0
+
= =
Z
Z
=
57 . 26 47 . 4
30 24
Z = 42 . 3 37 . 5
1. Coupled inductors. Define their
voltages and currents
2. Write loop equations
in terms of coupled
inductor voltages
3. Write equations for
coupled inductors
4. Replace into loop equations
and do the algebra
LEARNING EXAMPLE Write the mesh equations

+
1
V
2 1
I I

+
2
V
3 2
I I
1. Define variables for coupled inductors
2. Write loop equations in terms of coupled
inductor voltages
1
2 1
1 1 1
C j
I I
V I R V
e

+ + =
0 ) (
1
1 2
3 2 3 2 2 2 1
=

+ + + +
C j
I I
I I R V I R V
e
0 ) (
2 3 3 3 4
2
3
2
= + + + I I R I R
C j
I
V
e
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
3 2 2 2 1 2
3 2 2 1 1 1
I I L j I I M j V
I I M j I I L j V
+ =
+ =
e e
e e
3. Write equations for coupled inductors
4. Replace into loop equations and
rearrange terms
3 2
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
MI j I
C j
M j L j
I
C j
L j R V
e
e
e e
e
e

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
( )
3 3 2
2
1
3 2 2 2
1
1
1
1
1
0
I R L j M j
I
C j
R L j M j R M j L j
I
C j
M j L j
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
e e
e
e e e e
e
e e
( )
3 3 4
2
2
2 3 2 1
1
0
I R R
C j
L j
I R M j L j MI j
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
+ =
e
e
e e e
LEARNING EXAMPLE
) ( 1 3 O + = j Z
S
) ( 1 1 O = j Z
L
) ( 2
1
O = j L je ) ( 2
2
O = j L je
) ( 1 O = j M je
DETERMINE IMPEDANCE SEEN BY THE SOURCE
1
I
V
Z
S
i
=
1
I
2
I

+
1
V

+
2
V
S S
V V I Z = +
1 1
1. Variables for coupled inductors
2. Loop equations in terms of coupled
inductors voltages
0
2 2
= + I Z V
L
3. Equations for coupled inductors
) (
2 1 1 1
I M j I L j V + = e e
) (
2 2 1 2
I L j MI j V + = e e
4. Replace and do the algebra
( )
0 ) ( ) (
) (
2 2 1
2 1 1
= + +
= +
I L j Z I M j
V I M j I L j Z
L
S S
e e
e e
M j
L j Z
L
e
e
/
) /(
2

+
( )
S L
L S
V L j Z
I M j L j Z L j Z
) (
) ( ) )( (
2
1
2
2 1
e
e e e
+ =
+ +
2
2
1
1
) (
) (
L j Z
M j
L j Z
I
V
Z
L
S
S
i
e
e
e
+
+ = =
1 1
) 1 (
3 3
2
j
j
j Z
i
+
+ =
j
j
+
+ + =
1
1
3 3
j
j

1
1
) ( 5 . 2 5 . 3
2
1
3 3 O + =

+ + = j
j
j Z
i
) ( 54 . 35 30 . 4 O Z =
i
Z
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Insures that no magnetic flux
goes astray
| |
1 1
N =
| |
2 2
N =
2
1
2
1
2 2
1 1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
N
N
v
v
t
dt
d
N t v
t
dt
d
N t v
=

=
=
|
|
First ideal transformer
equation
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
= + t i t v t i t v
Ideal transformer is lossless
1
2
2
1
N
N
i
i
=
Second ideal transformer
equations
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
;
N
N
i
i
N
N
v
v
= =
Circuit Representations
REFLECTING IMPEDANCES
dots) at signs (both + =
2
1
2
1
N
N
V
V
r) transforme leaving I (Current
2
1
2
2
1
N
N
I
I
=
Law) s (Ohm'
2 2
I Z V
L
=
2
1
1
1
2
1
N
N
I Z
N
N
V
L
=
1
2
2
1
1
I Z
N
N
V
L
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
Z
N
N
Z
I
V
2
2
1
1
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
side primary the into
reflected , impedance,
L
Z Z =
1
For future reference
2
*
2 2
*
1
2
2
2
1
2
*
1 1 1
S I V
N
N
I
N
N
V I V S = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
ratio turns = =
1
2
N
N
n
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
S S
n
Z
Z
nI I
n
V
V
L
=
=
=
=
Phasor equations for ideal transformer
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Determine all indicated voltages and currents
25 . 0 4 / 1 = = n
Strategy: reflect impedance into the
primary side and make transformer
transparent to user.
2
1
n
Z
Z
L
=
L
Z
16 32
1
j Z + =
Z =
Z
Z
=
+
Z
= 5 . 13 33 . 2
5 . 13 42 . 51
0 120
12 50
0 120
1
j
I
Z
+
= = 0 120
2 1
1
1 1 1
Z Z
Z
I Z V
120
5 . 13 42 . 51
16 32
0 120
5 . 13 33 . 2 ) 16 32 (
2 1
1
1 1

Z
+
= Z
+
Z + =
j
Z Z
Z
j I Z
Z = Z Z = 07 . 13 36 . 83 5 . 13 33 . 2 57 . 26 78 . 35
1
V
dot) into (current
1
1
2
4I
n
I
I = =
dot) to opposite is (+ = =
1 1 2
25 . 0 V nV V
CAREFUL WITH POLARITIES AND
CURRENT DIRECTIONS!
USING THEVENINS THEOREM TO SIMPLIFY CIRCUITS WITH IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
Replace this circuit with its Thevenin
equivalent
0
0
1
2 1
2
=
)
`

=
=
I
nI I
I
1 1 S
V V =
1
1 2
1 1
S OC
S
nV V
nV V
V V
=
)
`

=
=
To determine the Thevenin impedance...
TH
Z
Reflect impedance into
secondary
1
2
Z n Z
TH
=
Equivalent circuit with transformer
made transparent.
One can also determine the Thevenin
equivalent at 1 - 1
USING THEVENINS THEOREM: REFLECTING INTO THE PRIMARY
Find the Thevenin equivalent of
this part
0 0
2 1
= = I I and circuit open In
n
V
V
S
OC
2
=
Thevenin impedance will be the the
secondary mpedance reflected into
the primary circuit
2
2
n
Z
Z
TH
=
Equivalent circuit reflecting
into primary
Equivalent circuit reflecting
into secondary
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Draw the two equivalent circuits
2 = n
Equivalent circuit reflecting
into secondary
Equivalent circuit reflecting
into primary
LEARNING EXAMPLE
o
V Find
secondary into reflect to better is compute To
o
V
But before doing that it is better to simplify the primary using Thevenins Theorem
Thevenin equivalent of this part

+
d
V
Z = 90 4
d OC
V V
Z

= 0 24
4 4
4
j
j
V
d
) 4 || 4 ( 2 j Z
TH
+ =
14.42 33.69 ( )
OC
V V = Z
) ( 2 4 O = j Z
TH
4 4
16 8 8
4 4
16
2
j
j j
j
j
Z
TH


=

+ =
2
4 8
1
1
1
6 2 j
j
j
j
j
Z
TH

=
+
+

=
j
Z
=
1
90 24
This equivalent circuit is now transferred to
the secondary
LEARNING EXAMPLE (continued)
Thevenin equivalent of primary side
2 = n
Z

= 69 . 33 84 . 28
5 20
2
j
V
o
Z
Z
=
04 . 14 62 . 20
69 . 33 84 . 28 2
Equivalent circuit reflecting
into secondary
Circuit with primary transferred to secondary
LEARNING EXAMPLE
2 1 2 1
, , , V V I I Find
Nothing can be transferred. Use
transformer equations and circuit
analysis tools
2 1
2
1
nI I
n
V
V
=
=
Phasor equations for ideal transformer
0
2 2
0 10
1
2 1 1
= +

+
Z
I
V V V
: 1 Node @
0
2 2
2
2 1 2
= +

I
j
V V V
: 2 @Node
4 equations in 4 unknowns!
2 = n
2 1
1 2
2 2 1
1 2 1
2
2
0 2 ) 1 (
0 10 2 2
I I
V V
I V j V
I V V
=
=
= +
Z = + Z = 0 5
1
I
Z = 0 5 . 2
2
I
Z = + 0 5 ) 2 )( 1 (
1 1
V j V
Z
Z
=

Z
=
43 . 63 24 . 2
0 5
2 1
0 5
1
j
V
Z = 43 . 63 5
Z = 43 . 63 5 2
2
V