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GLOBAL WARMING
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GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since
the mid-twentieth century, and its projected continuation.
The average global air temperature near the Earth's surface increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during
the hundred years ending in 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes
"most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very
likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic (man-made) greenhouse gas concentrations via an
enhanced greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably
had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward.
Terminology
The term "global warming" refers to the warming in recent decades and its projected continuation, and
implies a human influence. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
uses the term "climate change" for human-caused change, and "climate variability" for other changes. The
term "anthropogenic global warming" (AGW) is sometimes used when focusing on human-induced changes.
Increasing global temperature will cause sea level to rise, and is expected to increase the intensity of extreme
weather events and to change the amount and pattern of precipitation. Other effects of global warming
include changes in agricultural yields, trade routes, glacier retreat, species extinctions and increases in
the ranges of disease vectors.
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Causes
1. Greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere
The greenhouse effect was discovered
by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was
first investigated quantitatively by
Svante Arrhenius in 1896. It is the
process by which absorption and
emission of infrared radiation by
atmospheric gases warm a planet 's
lower atmosphere and surface.
2. Solar Output
solar output possibly amplified by
cloud seeding via galactic cosmic
rays, may have contributed to recent
warming. It suggests magnetic
activity of the sun is a crucial factor
which deflects cosmic rays that may
influence the generation of cloud
condensation nuclei and thereby
affect the climate.
Yearly increase of atmospheric CO2: In
the 1960s, the average annual increase was
37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.
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THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Carbon Dioxide
(CO
2
)
Methane (CH
4
)
Water Vapor (H
2
O)
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The Greenhouse Effect
Keeps Earths average temperature 35C warmer
(15C now, -20 C otherwise)





Human role? A heated debate. ;-)
Venus 480C
thick carbon dioxide
Mars -62 C
little carbon dioxide

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1. Carbon Dioxide from Power Plants
In 2002 about 40% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions stem from the burning of fossil fuels
for the purpose of electricity generation. Coal accounts for 93 percent of the emissions
from the electric utility industry.
2. Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Cars
The United States is the largest consumer of oil, using 20.4 million barrels per day. In his
debate with former Defense Secretary Dick Cheney, during the 2000 Presidential
campaign, Senator Joseph Lieberman said,
"I f we can get 3 miles more per gallon from our cars,
we'll save 1 million barrels of oil a day, which is exactly
what the (Arctic National Wildlife) Refuge at its best in
Alaska would produce."
3. Carbon Dioxide from Airplanes
The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that aviation causes 3.5
percent of global warming, and that the figure could rise to 15 percent by 2050.
4. Carbon Dioxide from Building
Buildings structure account for about 12% of carbon dioxide emissions
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3. Water Vapor in the Atmosphere Increasing
Water vapor is the most prevalent and most powerful greenhouse gas on the planet, but its
increasing presence is the result of warming caused by carbon dioxide, methane and other
greenhouse gases.Water vapor holds onto two-thirds of the heat trapped by all the
greenhouse gases. As the Earth heats up relative humidity is able to increase, allowing the
planet's atmosphere to hold more water vapor, causing even more warming, thus a positive
feedback scenario. Because the air is warmer, the relative humidity can be higher (in
essence, the air is able to 'hold' more water when its warmer), leading to more water vapor
in the atmosphere, says the NCDC. There is much scientific uncertainty as to the degree this
feedback loop causes increased warming, inasmuch as the water vapor also causes increased
cloud formation, which in turn reflects heat back out into space.
Deforestation
After carbon emissions caused by humans, deforestation is the second principle cause of
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 20-25% of all carbon emissions
entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of about 34 million acres of trees each
year. We are losing millions of acres of rainforests each year, the equivalent in area to the size
of Italy. The destroying of tropical forests alone is throwing hundreds of millions of tons of
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. We are also losing temperate forests. The
temperate forests of the world account for an absorption rate of 2 billion tons of carbon
annually. In the temperate forests of Siberia alone, the earth is losing 10 million acres per year.
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Permafrost
Permafrost is a solid structure of frozen soil, extending to depths of 2.200 feet in some areas
of the arctic and sub arctic regions, containing grasses, roots, sticks, much of it dating back to
30,000 years. About 25% of the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere hold permafrost,
which is defined as soil whose temperature has been 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees
Celsius) for a period of at least 2 years. Permafrost is under 85% of Alaska land surface and
much of Canada, Scandinavia and Siberia and holds about 14 per cent of the world's
carbon.
The hard permafrost on which is built homes and other buildings, can, with rising
temperatures, turn into a soft material causing subsidence and damage to buildings, electric
generating stations, pipelines and other structures. Ground instability would cause erosion,
affect terrain, slopes, roads, foundations and more.
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Global
Warming?
Climate change will lead to more chaotic and unpredictable weather:
"Climate change will bring warm, wet weather, which will encourage
plants to grow, followed by long periods of drought, during which they will
burn." - Meinrat Andreae, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, August 2001.
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Present Danger of Global Warming

1. Deaths due to climate change
2. Increasing Storms and Floods
3. Weather-Related Natural Disasters
4. Killer Heat Waves
5. Islands are Endangered by Rising Seas
6. The Trend to Dead Zones in Oceans
7. Decline in Antarctic Krill
8. Threat to Animals, birds and sea life
9. Coastal Flooding
10. Drought in different countries
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Deaths Due to Climate Change
A study, by scientists at the World Health Organization (WHO) determined that 154,000
people die every year from the effects of global warming, from malaria to malnutrition,
children in developing nations seemingly the most vulnerable. These numbers could almost
double by 2020.
"We estimate that climate change may already be causing
in the region of 154,000 deaths...a year,
Professor Andrew Haines of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine told a climate
change conference in Moscow.
Increasing Storms and Floods
Dr. Thomas Karl, director of the National Climatic Data Center (NOAA), says that global
warming has produced an increase in precipitation during the 20th century, mostly in the form
of heavy rainstorms, little in moderate, beneficial rainstorms. Thomas Karl also reports that
recent decades have produced a 20% increase in blizzards and heavy rainstorms in the U.S.
"Hundred-year events are become more frequent now," notes Karl. In a report issued in
November, 1999 the Britain's Meteorological Office warned that flooding in Asia and
Southeast Asia would increase more than nine fold over the coming decades. Floods are
already increasing worldwide. The year 1998 was the worst on record, with 96 floods in 55
countries.
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Weather-Related Natural Disasters
On November 28, 1998 the San Francisco Chronicle ran an Associated Press article reporting that
dollar damages from weather-related natural disasters (floods, storms, droughts, fires)
worldwide for 1998 totaled $89 billion. (The final figure for 1998 was to be $93 billion.)
Total damages for the entire decade of the 1980's were $83 billion (this is the inflation-
adjusted figure; actual figure was $54 billion). Damage totals for the 1990's soared above
$340 billion, a 300% increase over the 1980's.
Killer Heat Waves
"High temperatures are likely to become more extreme,
and because night temperatures will increase by at least
as much as daytime temperatures, heat waves will become
more serious,
says Dr. Thomas Karl, at the National Climatic Data Center. In June, 2003, 1700 people died
during a heat wave that hit India, while 35,000 Europeans died in a heat wave the following
August
Islands are Endangered by Rising Seas
An article in the fall, 1996 issue of the Earth Island Journal reported that rising seas are about to
inundate Pate and Ndau, two small islands near the Indian Ocean resort island of Lamu.
Kenya has announced plans to spend $517,000 to build walls shielding these islands from the
rising surf. There are many small islands which may sink into sea due to the rising water of
sea level. Maldives foreign minister said about the dander coming in future:
When a cyclone hits us, there is no place to escape.
We cannot climb any mountains or move away to take refuge
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Decline in Populations of Antarctic Krill
Because of increasing temperatures, areas of sea ice in the Antarctic Peninsula region have
diminished significantly. And the algae that grows on the underside of the shrinking sea ice is
therefore also diminishing. The algae is a food source of krill, which is also disappearing in
Antarctic waters. Scientists report a tenfold decline in krill populations during the past 10
years.
Coastal Flooding
Global warming is melting ice to the tune of 50 billion tons of water a year from the
Greenland ice sheet. A NASA high-tech aerial survey shows that more than 11
cubic miles of ice is disappearing from the ice sheet annually.
"We see a significant trend (in loss of ice mass),"
said William B. Krabill, NASA scientist and lead author of a study on Greenland ice
melting. "When we can go back after five years and see 10 meters of glacier gone,
there is something happening." This is increasing the likelihood of coastal flooding
around the world, if this meltdown trend continues

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How to stop Global Warming

Reuse Recycle
Reduce
Stop
Global
Warming
Reduce
The amount of energy you consume and
start using renewable energy sources, such
as wind power and solar power.
Reuse
By using products made with recycled
materials.
Recycle
All materials to your best ability in your
local area and purchase Carbon Offsets
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What Can We Do?
We must move to a carbon-free economy.
That means reduce or eliminate use of fossil fuels to limit
damage in the future.
Alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, and
tidal are needed.
Increase forest cover.
Sequester (remove) carbon from the atmosphere.
If all excess carbon dioxide release stopped today, it is
estimated that it would take hundreds of years for levels to
return to normal (NASA, 2007).
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Conferences on Global Warming
Kyoto Protocol ( 11 December, 1997)
Un framework convention on climate change UNFCC or
FCCC ( generally known as Earth Summit held in 1992)
Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and
Flora
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (
4 October, 1991)
Bali Conference
Intergovernmental Penal on Climate Change ( IPCC
established in 1988 by WMO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
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Where is CO
2
released?
1 United States

6,049,435 20 %
2 China 5,010,170 18.4 %
3 Russia 1,524,993 5.6 %
4 India 1,342,962 4.9 %
5 Japan 1,257,963 4.6 %
6 Germany 808,767 3.0 %
7 Canada 639,403 2.3 %
8 United Kingdom 587,261 2.2 %
9 South Korea 465,643 1.7 %
10 Italy

449,948 1.7 %
11 Mexico 438,022 1.6 %
12 South Africa 437,032 1.6 %
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