Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

, publishing as Benjamin Cummings

undamentals o!
"natomy # Physiology

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Lecture 1: Chapter 1
An Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Pages: 3-25
&ecturer' (r. Barjis
)oom' P*+*,*0-
Phone' .-+/0 210232/3
E2%ail' ibarjis4citytech.cuny.edu

Learning Obecti!es
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Describe the basic functions of organisms.
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Define anatomy and physiology and the various
specialties of each.
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Identify the major levels of organization in
organisms .
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Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and
their major components.
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Explain the concept of homeostasis, including
both positive and negative feedback.
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sing the proper anatomical terms, identify the
major body cavities.

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!rganization
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"esponsiveness
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#ro$th and differentiation
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"eproduction
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%ovement
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%etabolism and excretion
"he basic #unctions o# organisms

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&natomy can be divided into gross and microscopic'
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(orms of #ross &natomy
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)urface anatomy * study of superficial marking
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"egional anatomy * study of specific area
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)ystemic anatomy * study of system
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Developmental anatomy * study changes from
conception to physical maturity.
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%icroscopic anatomy includes t$o major subdivisions
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+ytology * study of cell
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,istology * study of tissue
"he $pecialties o# Anatomy

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&ll vertebrates
share a basic
pattern of
organization, most
noticeable during
embryology.
Comparati!e Anatomy

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-hysiology is the study of the normal function of
cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms
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-hysiology can be divided into the follo$ing
specialties'
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+ell physiology * study of cell
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)pecial physiology . study of specific organ
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)ystemic physiology * study of system
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-athological physiology * study of the effect of
disease on cell, tissue, organ and system.
"he $pecialties o# Physiology

Le!els o# Organi%ation

Le!els o# Organi%ation

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Integumentary system
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/ervous system
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)keletal system
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Endocrine system
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%uscular system
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+ardiovascular system
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0ymphatic system
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rinary system
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"espiratory system
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Digestive system
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"eproductive system
An Introduction to the Organ $ystems













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&utoregulation or intrinsic regulation * results $hen
cell, organ or system adjusts its activity automatically.
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Extrinsic regulation . results from activity of nervous
system or endocrine system
&omeostasis
"'o general points 'ithin homeostasis
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$omeostasis is a stable internal en6ironment
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E6ery organism must maintain homeostasis !or sur6i6al
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$omeostatic regulation is responsible !or 7eeping
internal en6ironment 8ithin certain limits.

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& homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of '
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& receptor * senses an environmental change
or stimuli.
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& control center *processes information
supplied by receptor and generates a response
1command2
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&n effector * an organ or cell that responds to
the command of control center.
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& variation outside the desired range triggers an
automatic response to correct the situation
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/egative feedback
&omeostatic regulation in!ol!es

(egati!e )eedbac*: "he Control o# +ody
"emperature

Positi!e )eedbac*: +lood Clotting
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In positi6e !eedbac7 an initial stimulus produces a response that
enhances the change in the original condition. or instance'
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(amage to blood 6essel 8all 8ill cause release o! chemicals.
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Chemicals 8ill trigger blood clotting
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Clotting process increases release o! chemicals
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%ore chemicals means accelerated clotting
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"ccelerated clotting means more chemicals

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3ody cavities are internal chambers holding vital
organs
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+avities protect vital organs
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+avities allo$ organs to change in shape and
size
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4$o body cavities
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Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity
and the spinal cavity
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5entral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity
and the abdominopelvic cavity
+ody Ca!ities

+ody Ca!ities

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4he thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
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4he thoracic cavity is subdivided into'
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0eft and right pleural cavities 1each pleural
cavity contains one lung2 lined by the visceral
and parietal pleura
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4he mediastinum contains the pericardium
1pericardial cavity2, another serous membrane
that surrounds the heart
"horacic Ca!ities
"nimation' $eart (issection .see tutorial0

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4he abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the
peritoneum
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4he abdominal cavity extends from the
diaphragm to the superior margins of the
pelvis
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liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large
intestine
Abdominopel!ic Ca!ity

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4he pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, $ith
a floor of muscle
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reproductive organs, urinary bladder and
the final portion of the large intestine
Abdominopel!ic Ca!ity
"nimation' (igesti6e 9ystem (issection .see tutorial0

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6.rays
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+omputerized tomography 1+42 scans
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%agnetic resonance imaging 1%"I2 scans
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ltrasound images
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)piral +4 scans
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Digital subtraction angiography images 1D)&2
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-ositron emission tomography 1-E42 scans
Clinical technology allo's many di##erent !ie's
o# the body

,-rays

Common scanning techni-ues

$pecial $canning .ethods

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4he characteristics of life.
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4he sciences of anatomy and physiology and their
various subdivisions.
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4he levels of organization in the human body.
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4he definition and importance of homeostasis.
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4he terminology associated $ith superficial and
sectional anatomy and the body cavities.
/ou should no' be #amiliar 'ith: