Geology 101

Sections 519-
526
Class 6
Spring 2014
Class Objectives - Chapter 4
Explain the conditions under which rocks melt into
magma and the relationship of those conditions to plate
tectonics
Describe the processes that produce the three major
types of magma and the resulting differences in the
nature of the eruptions and intrusions that take place
Relate the magma types to the range of minerals
produced.
Recognize the various types of the igneous structures
and the resulting landforms and mineral/rock textures
Recognize the connection between igneous processes
and the creation of valuable mineral ores like gold,
silver, copper, iron, platinum, etc.
04_22.JPG
Volcano type Lava type relationship
Rhyolitic = Granitic
Ultra Mafic and Mafic
Basaltic Very hot mix
Low viscosity
High melting point minerals
Felsic and Intermediate
Andestic and granitic
High viscosity
Lower Temperature,
Lots of water and gas
Do differences in magma explain different kinds of volcanic forms?
http://www.google.com/url?q=http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/space/EN/show.asp%3FX
H50&ust=1346542391469504&usg=AFQjCNHcDdLk2Jph6cvbXXDeRiRF2pxwVw
The three kinds of magma:
Basaltic - hottest , deepest, and therefore includes the higher melting
point minerals like olivine and calcium plagioclase.
Andesite re-melted crust in the subduction zone
Rhyolite (Granitic) Lower temperature melting of silica crust, often with melting
points depressed by water introduced from below. Heat also from
magmas below
Decompression melting at sea-floor spreading
cracks and hot spots
and hot-spots
Settings of Large Magma Chambers
Mid-ocean ridge
Oceanic hot spot
Subduction beneath
continent
Continental hot spot
Continental
collision
Intrusive Magma
LARGE
Plutons
Batholiths
Stocks


Non-extrusive magma
Batholiths
Enchanted Rock
Laccoliths
Dikes
Zimbabwe 375 miles
6 miles wide
Sills
nuweb.neu.edu
Laccolith Big Bend N.P
Exposed dike
Shiprock N.
Pikes Peak Batholith
Half Dome, CA
Crystallization
Floating and sinking
crystals
Irregular Plutons
Batholith
Central Texas Uplift
Enchanted Rock
Sierra Nevada Batholith
Sheetlike Plutons
Mt. Whitney, CA
How Magma Cools
Conduction
into wall
rocks
Lose heat
to air,
water, or
underlying
rocks
Loses gases
Circulating water
Observe the settings of
igneous rocks and
consider where each
previous rock texture
could form
Pyroclastic flow
Column of
pyroclastic
material
Eruption of lava
Rapid cooling at
shallow depth
Slower cooling
at depth
Slow cooling
then fast cooling
Water-rich parts
of magma
Extrusive Magma Eruptions
Fissures
Columbia &
Snake River
Basalt basins
- 8.5 km Iceland
(USGS photo
- Mid-ocean
ridges
Decca plateau
2.5 MM km-sq
Magma Eruptions
Fissures
Shield Volcano pure basalt Hawaii

Mauna Kea
13,795
Haleakala
10,023 (Maui)
Mauna Loa
13,677
Water depth > 16,000
Magma Eruptions
Fissures
Shield Volcano pure basalt Hawaii
Cinder Cone
clastic debris
Capulin (NM)
Pilot Knob

Paricutn, Mexico 1946 USGS photo
March
1944
Magma Eruptions
Fissures
Shield volcanoes
Cinder Cones
Composite
volcanoes
Mt St. Helens 1980
Before 1980 Most beautiful and peaceful
Forecast in 1975
North exploded May 18, 1980
3 cubic km avalanche and vertical explosion
Blast destroyed everything in path for 16 to 25km
Human deaths 25 km away
Pyroclastic debris flow (1600 degree F) -160 km/hr
Toutle River wiped out, 42 MM cubic m of debris in
Columbia
Ashes tracked around the world

Mt. St. Helens Eruptions
May 18, 1980 June 1980
http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Images/st_helens_plume_from_fishers_landing_03-08-05.jpg
Mt St. Helens eruption 2005
Before and after pictures thanks
to National Geographic
Mt. St. Helens Before and After same sign
Could Rainier be next?
Mount Mazama now known at
Crater Lake, OR
The view across Norris Geyser Basin of the Yellowstone Caldera. Image by Erik Klemetti,
taken August 2010.
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/05/giant-eruptions-from-yellowstone-caldera-may-have-taken-
millennia/
Volume of Material
Hazards Related to Volcanoes
Lava
Pyroclastics (rocks and lava)
Lahars (mudflow of ash and water)
Pyroclastic FlowsNues Ardentes
Toxic Gases
Steam Explosions
Secondary Effects: Climate and
Atmospheric Chemistry
Toxic gases: CO
2
?
Cameroon, 1986
Source: http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/476/488316/ch13.html
Carbon Dioxide Cloud Over Lake Nyos, Cameroon
Source: Photograph by M.L. Tuttle, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
Animal Carcasses From Deadly Cloud: 1700 people died

Source: Photograph by M.L. Tuttle, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
Mt. Pinatubo Eruption, 1991
Source: Photograph by K. Jackson, U.S. Air Force.
Source: http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu//
Source: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Pinatubo/16112441-008_large.jpg
Source: http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu//
Stratospheric Aerosol, 1991: April 15 - May 25
Source: http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu//
Stratospheric Aerosol, 1991: June 14 July 26