The impact tension behaviors of one layer

plain woven carbon epoxy composite:

Part I- Review on Hopkinson
By:


Presented to:
Professor Gu Bohong

Introduction Hopkinson
Summary of literature Review
Future work
References

2
Contents :
The Hopkinson Pressure Bar was first invented by Bertram
Hopkinson in 1914[1]

as a way to measure stress pulse propagation in
a metal bar.

Later, in 1949 H. Kolsky[2] presented an apparatus now known as the
split-Hopkinson bar, to measure stress and strain.

For compression testing, two symmetrical bars are situated in series
with the sample in between.

The incident bar is struck by a striker bar during testing. The
striker bar is fired from a gas gun.

The transmitted bar collides with a momentum trap (typically a
block of soft metal). Strain gages are mounted on both the incident
and transmitted bars.

3
Introduction:

Most modern setups use strain gages on the bars to
measure strains caused by the waves.

Assuming deformation in the specimen is
uniform, the stress and strain can be calculated
from the amplitudes of the incident, transmitted,
and reflected waves.

Tension testing in a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar
(SHPB) is more complex due to a variation of loading
methods and specimen attachment to the incident
and transmission bar .

4
The first tension bar was designed and tested by
Harding et al. in 1960[3] the design involved using a
hollow weight bar that was connected to a yoke and
threaded specimen inside of the weight bar.

Another breakthrough in the SHPB design was done
by Nichols [4] who used a typical compression setup
and threaded metallic specimens on both the
incident and transmission ends, while placing a
composite collar over the specimen.
Nichols[4] setup would create an initial compression
wave by an impact in the incident end with a striker,
but when the compression wave reached the
specimen, the threads would not be loaded.
5
History:


6
Year/
Researcher
Materials Properties
studied
Conditions
being used
Testing
method
Comments
1914
Hopkinson
[1]
Metal A Method of
Measuring
the Pressure
Produced in
the
Detonation
Impact of
Bullets
A technique to
measure the
shape of a
stress pulse in
a long
elastic bar

Hopkinson
First method, to
measure
transient impact
1949
Kolsky[2]
Rubbers,
plastics
and
metals
Compression
and
recovery
characteris
tic of
materials
A method of
the stress-
strain relation
of materials
when stresses
are applied for
times of the
order of 20
microseconds
Hopkinson
pressure
bar
Perspex
recovered almost
as soon as the
stress was
removed, rubbers
and polythene
showed delayed
recovery, and
copper and lead
showed
irrecoverable
flow
7
Year/
Researcher
Materials Properties
being
studied
Conditions
being used
Testing
method
Comments
1960
Harding[3]
Aluminum
alloy
obtain
reliable
stress
strain
curves in
tension at
impact
rates of
loading
Designed to
give accurate
stress-strain
curves in
tension at
strain rates
of the order
of 1000 per
second
SHP Use for high
strain rate
effect of
materials
1981
Nicholas[4]
Aluminum,
Titanium,
and Steel
alloys
Strain rates
up to 1000/s
in tension
Modified
the split
Hopkinso
n bar or
Kolsky
apparatus
Hopkinson use to
measure the
mechanical
properties of
material of high
strain rat
1985
Ruiz[5]
Charpy
specimens,
HPB)
provides an
alternative
method

Hopkinson
pressure
bar
HPB to improve
material fracture
strength



8
Year Materials Properties
being
studied
Conditions
being used
Testing
method
Comments
1990
Staab, Gilat
[6]
7075-T651
aluminum
The effect
of specimen
geometry
(length to
diameter
ratio)
The
dimensions of
the apparatus
used here
allow for test
durations of
500 s
direct-
tension
split-
Hopkins
on-bar
Direct-tension split
Hopkinson bar
apparatus has been
introduced
2000
Mahfuz,
Gary[7]
Foam core
sandwich
composites
glass fiber
epoxy
matrix
composite
High strain
rate
response
of sandwich
composites
Strain rates
ranging from
quasi-static to
1000 /s
SHP Modify the
Hopkinson pressure

2003
Meng[8]
Metallic pad
Copper pad
Mechanical
properties
of materials
under high
strain rates
Finite element
simulations of
wave
propagation on
the
.parameters
affecting wave
dispersion.
Hopkins
on bar
finite
element
simulatio
n
The correlation
coefficient of
stress waves and
numerical simulation,
and accurately
derived material
impact performance.
9
Year/
Researcher
2000
Masaaki
Itabashi[9]
Materials Properties being
studied
Conditions being
used
Testing
method
Comments
2001
J. H.
HWANG[10]
Carbon/Epoxy
Composite
Interlaminar Fracture
Toughness of
Carbon/Epoxy
Composite Materials
interfacial ply
orientations,
(0, 45 and 90)
width-
tapered
double
cantilever
beam
(WTDCB)
and
end-notched
flexure
(ENF)
The interlaminar
fracture behaviors
for carbon/epoxy
composite
materials have

Carbon epoxy material Review summary:
Future work:
- Further literature Review
- Prepare samples

10
References:
1.Hopkinson B. A method of measuring the pressure produced in the detonation of high
explosives of by the impact of bullets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London Series A, 1914, 127(213): 437-456
2. Kolsky H. An investigation of the mechanical properties of materials at very high rates of
loading. Proceedings of the Physical Society, London, 1949, 62(11): 676
3. Wang CY and Xia YM. Validity of one-dimensional experimental principle for flat specimen
in bar-bar tensile impact apparatus. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2000,
37(24): 3305-3322
4.Harding J, Wood E and Campbell JD. Tensile testing of materials at impact rates of strain. Journal of
Mechanical Engineering Science, 1960, 22(2): 88-96
5.Nicholas T. Tensile testing of materials at high-rates of strain. Experimental Mechanics, 1981,
21(5): 177-185
6.Ruiz C. The hopkinson pressure bar: an alternative to instrumented pendulum for charpy
tests. International Journal of Fractures, 1985, 29(2): 101-109
7.Staab GH. A direct tension split hopkinson bar for high-strain rate testing. Proceedings of the
1990 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics. Bethel, 1990, vol. 31: 583-58
8.Mahfuz H, Mamum W, Haque A, Mohamed H, Jeelani S. An innovative technique for
measuring the high strain rate response of sandwich composites. Composite Structures, 2000,
9. Masaaki Itabashi*, Carbon content e!ect on high-strain-rate tensile properties
for carbon steels
10.J. H. HWANG, Effect of Crack Propagation Directions on the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of
Carbon/Epoxy Composite Materials
11







Thanks
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