Lecture 6-BJT Signal Analysis

ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES
BJT signal analysis

CE00434-1
Lecture 4
CE00434-1 Electronic Principles Resonance Circuits
2
Three terminal device
Three semiconductor regions, above is pnp
E: Emitter, B: Base, C: Collector
Voltage between two terminals to control current
Use as Amplifier or Switch
BJT Transistor
3
i
C
-v
CB
characteristics for an npn transistor in the active mode.
Collector is constant current source only controlled by emitter current i
C

E C
I i o =
BJT Characteristics
4
Conceptual circuit for measuring the i
C
-v
CE
characteristics of the BJT. (b) The i
C
-
v
CE
characteristics of a practical BJT.
BJT Characteristics
5
Transistor as an amplifier. (b) The circuit of (a) with the signal source v
be

eliminated for dc (bias) analysis.
6
Linear operation of the transistor:
small-signal
v
be
triangular waveform is
superimposed on dc voltage V
BE
.
Collector signal current i
c
, also of
triangular waveform, superimposed on
the dc current I
C
.
I
c
= g
m
v
be
, where g
m
is the slope of
the i
c
- v
BE
curve at the bias point Q.
Small Signal Analysis
7
BJT as a voltage-controlled current
source ( a transconductance amplifier)
BJT as a current-controlled
current source (a current
amplifier).
BJT as Amplifier
8
Voltage-controlled current source
T-MODEL
Current-controlled current
source representation.
Emitter resistance r
e
rather than the base resistance r featured in the
hybrid- model.
9
Example
Transistor Amplifier
NPN
V1
3V
R1
100kohm
Q1
1DEAL_BJT_NPN
10V
VCC
R2 3.0kohm
Quiescent point

mA
R
V V
I
BB
BE BB
B
023 . 0
100
7 . 0 3
=
=
mA I I
B C
3 . 2
100
7 . 0 3
=
= ~ |
V x V V
CC C
1 . 3 3 3 . 2 = =
10
O = = = 8 . 10
) 99 . 0 / 3 . 2 (
25
mA
mV
I
V
r
E
T
e
V mA
mV
mA
V
I
g
T
C
m
/ 92
25
3 . 2
= = =
O = = =
H
k
g
r
m
09 . 1
92
100 |
September 10,
2007
11
Example
NPN Transistor Amplifier
NPN
V1
3V
R1
100kohm
Q1
1DEAL_BJT_NPN
10V
VCC
R2 3.0kohm
Quiescent point

mA
R
V V
I
BB
BE BB
B
023 . 0
100
7 . 0 3
=
=
mA I I
B C
3 . 2
100
7 . 0 3
=
= ~ |
V x V V
CC C
1 . 3 3 3 . 2 = =
September 10, 2007
12
O = = = 8 . 10
) 99 . 0 / 3 . 2 (
25
mA
mV
I
V
r
E
T
e
V mA
mV
mA
V
I
g
T
C
m
/ 92
25
3 . 2
= = =
O = = =
H
k
g
r
m
09 . 1
92
100 |
September 10, 2007
13
BJT as a voltage-controlled
current source ( a
transconductance amplifier)
BJT as a current-
controlled current source
(a current amplifier).
BJT as Amplifier
September 10, 2007
14
Employ either hybrid-t model.
Using the first model
BJT as Amplifier

V1
1V 1Hz 0Deg
R1
100kohm
R2
1.1kohm
I 1
92mMho
R3
3.0kohm
XMM1
Dependent
Current Source
B
E
C
VB
E
September 10,
2007
15
PNP Transistor Amplifier
Voltage Gain
Signal Waveforms
Capacitor couples
input signal v
i
to
emitter

DC bias with V
+
&

V
-
Example
September 10, 2007
16
DC Analysis
Find operating pt. Q

Let |=100 and o=0.99

The transistor is active
Max. signal swing
depends on bias
voltage

mA
R
V
I
E
E
E
93 . 0
10
7 . 0 10 10
=
=
V R I V
mA I I
C C C
E C
4 . 5 10
92 . 0 99 . 0
= + =
= =
September 10, 2007
17
Replace BJT with T
equivalent ckt.
Why? Base is
gnded. More
convenient than
hybrid t
o= 0.99
r
e
=25mV/0.93mA= 27 O

September 10, 2007
18
Small Signal Equiv Ckt
V
O
/V
i
=0.99x5k/27=183
Allowable signal
magnitude?
But v
eb
= v
i
For small
signal limit to 10mV.
Then, v
c
=1.833V

September 10, 2007
19
Graphical Analysis
Find DC bias point
Set v
i
=0 and draw
load line to
determine dc bias
point I
B
(similar to
diode ckts)

September 10,
2007
20
Graphical construction for the
determination of the dc base
current
Graphical Construction
Load line has a
slope of 1/R
B
i
B
vs v
BE
from
forward biased
diode eqns
September 10, 2007
21
Graphical construction for determining the dc collector
current I
C
and the collector-to-emmiter voltage
Collector Current
September 10, 2007
22
Common-emitter amplifier with a resistance R
e
in the emitter.
(a) Circuit. (b) Equivalent circuit with the BJT replaced
with its T model (c) The circuit in (b) with r
o
eliminated.
Basic Single Stage Amplifiers
September 10, 2007
23
The common-base amplifier. (a) Circuit. (b) Equivalent
circuit obtained by replacing the BJT with its T model.
Common Base Amp
September 10, 2007
24
The common-collector or emitter-follower amplifier. (a)
Circuit. (b) Equivalent circuit obtained by replacing the BJT
with its T model.
Common Collector
September 10, 2007
25
(c) The circuit redrawn to show that r
o
is in parallel with R
L.

(d) Circuit for determining R
o.

Sem I 0809/rosdiyana
Chapter 5:
BJT Small-Signal Analysis
Contents
1. Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration
2. Voltage divider bias
3. CE Emitter bias
4. Emitter-follower configuration
5. Common-base configuration


r
e
transistor model employs a diode and controlled
current source to duplicate the behavior of a
transistor in the region of interest.
The r
e
and hybrid models will be used to analyze
small-signal AC analysis of standard transistor
network configurations.
Ex: Common-base, common-emitter and common-
collector configurations.
The network analyzed represent the majority of those
appearing in practice today.
BJT Small Signal Analysis
AC equivalent of a network is
obtained by:
1. Setting all DC sources to zero
2. Replacing all capacitors by s/c equiv.
3. Redraw the network in more convenient and
logical form
In realistic and useful electronic circuit, the
input can be decomposed into two separate
components:
The DC component, V
I
The small signal component, v
i
(t)

The DC component signal is not a function of
time (as a constant e.g. V
I
=12V)
The small-signal component v
i
(t) is a function
of time. This signal is an AC signal
This signal v
i
(t) is referred as the small-signal
component because its magnitude is generally
small for all time t
DC and Small-Signal Components
DC and Small-Signal Components
The purpose of DC analysis is to establish a Q-point (quiescent
point) or DC operating point. The goal is to set the Q-point such that
it does not go into saturation or cutoff when an ac signal is applied
If the Q-point is in active region, the transistor can operate as an
amplifier.
The purpose of AC analysis is to obtain the gain (ratio of output
voltage and input voltage)
To obtain
Current and Voltage Gain, A
i
and V
i
Input Impedance, Z
i
Output Impedance, Z
o
by adopting simple circuit model or transistor equivalent model.
AC Analysis : AC Equivalent Circuit
AC analysis;
Short all capacitors
Open circuit all DC Supplies and
ground them
1/5: Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector.

The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output
impedance with a high voltage and current gain.

Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
re Model
Determine |, re, and ro:
| and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a
curve tracer.
re: calculate re using dc analysis:
E
e
I
26mV
r =
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

e B i
r || R Z | =
e B

e i
r 10 R
r Z
|
|
>
~
O
r || R Z
C o
=
c

o
10 ro
Z
R
R
c
>
~

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain (Ai):

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

e
o C
i
o
v
r
) r || (R
V
V
A = =
C o
e
C
v
10R r
r
R
A
>
=
) r )(R R (r
r R
I
I
A
e B C o
o B
i
o
i
|
|
+ +
= =
e B C o
i
r 10 R , 10R r
A
|
|
> >
~
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
Voltage Gain
e
C
v C o
e
o C
e b
o C b
v
e b i
o C b O
i
O
v
r
R
A 10R or r if
r
) r || (R

r I
) r || (R I
A
r I V
) r || (R I V
V
V
A
= > O =
=
=
=
=
=
Current gain
( )( )
( )( )
C
i
v i
B o
B o
i
o
i
e B C o
e B C o
B o
i
o
i
e B
B
C o
o
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
e B
B
i
b
e B
i B
b
C o
o
b
o
C o
b o
o
R
Z
A A
oo equation t this use can or we
R r
R r
I
I
A
, r 10 R and 10R r if
r R R r
R r
I
I
A
r R
R
R r
r
I
I
I
I
I
I
A

r R
R
I
I
and
r R
I R
I
R r
r
I
I
and
R r
I r
I
circuits output and input the to rule divider - current
the applying by determined is gain current The
=
= ~ =
> >
+ +
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
Phase Relationship
The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in
the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.
2/5 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
re Model
You still need to determine |, re, and ro.
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

2 1
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R || R R
+
= =
'
e r || R Zi B
'
=
o C r || R Zo=
C
C
10R ro
R Zo
>
~

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain (Ai):


e
o C
i
o
v
r
r || R
V
V
A

= =
C o
e
C
i
o
v
10R r
r
R
V
V
A
>
~ =
) r R )( R (r
r R
I
I
A
e C o
o
i
o
i
|
|
+
'
+
'
= =
C o
e i
o
i
10R r
r R
R
I
I
A
>
+
'
'
~ =
|
e C o
i
o
i
r 10 R , 10R r
I
I
A
|
|
> ' >
~ =
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
Voltage Gain
e
C
v C o
e
o C
v
o C
e
i
o
e
i
b
o C b O
r
R
A 10R or r if
r
) r || (R
A
) r || (R
r
V
V
r
V
I
) r || )(R I ( V
= > O =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
=
Current gain
( )( )
( )
( )
e
e o
o
i
o
i
C o
e C o
o
i
o
i
B 2 1
r R'
R'

r R' r
r R'
I
I
A
, R 10 r for
r R' R r
r R'
I
I
A
R R || R R'
format. same the have
gain will current for the equation the , R' the
for except ion, configurat bias - fixed emitter -
common that similar to so is network the since
+
~
+
~ =
>
+ +
= =
= =
C
i
V i
i
o
i
i
o
i
e
R
Z
A A
option an as
I
I
A
R'
R'
I
I
A
, r 10 R' if And
=
~ =
= =
>
|
|
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

3/5. CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed R
E
re Model
Again you need to determine |, re.
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration


E e b
1)R ( r Z + + = | |
) R (r Z
E e b
+ ~ |
e E

E b
r R
R Z
>>
~ |
b B i
Z || R Z =
C o
R Z =
Defining the input impedance of a transistor
with an unbypassed emitter resistor
E b
e E
E e b
E e
b
i
b
E b e b i
E e e b i
R Z
to reduced be can above eqn , r an greater th much is R since
R r Z
1, an greater th normally is since
R ) 1 ( r
I
V
Z
R I ) 1 ( r I V
R I r I V
: side input the to KVL Applying
~
+ ~
+ + = =
+ + =
+ =
Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain (Ai):


Gain Calculations
b
C
i
o
v
Z
R
V
V
A
|
= =
) R (r Z
R r
R
V
V
A
E e b
E e
C
i
o
v
+ =
+
= =
|
E b
E
C
i
o
v
R Z
R
R
V
V
A
| ~
~ =
b B
B
i
o
i
Z R
R
I
I
A
+
= =
|
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
or
Voltage Gain
E
C
i
o
V
E b
E e
C
i
o
V
E e b
b
C
i
o
V
C
b
i
C b C o o
b
i
b
R
R
V
V
A
R ion Z approximat for the and
R r
R
V
V
A
gives ) R (r Z ng substituti
Z
R
V
V
A
R
Z
V

R I R I V
Z
V
I
= =
~
+
= =
+ =
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
=
Current Gain
C
R
Z
A A
Z R
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
I
I
I I
Z R
R
I
I
Z R
I R
I
: in result ll circuit wi input the to rule divider - current the Applying . I I
ion approximat permit the to Z to close often too is R of magnitude The
i
v i
b B
B
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
b
o
b o
b B
B
i
b
b B
i B
b
i b
b B
=
+
= = =
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
|
|
|
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
Bypassed RE

This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias configuration and therefore can be solved
using the same re model.
4/5. CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Emitter-Follower Configuration
You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same
circuit.
Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.
re Model
You still need to determine | and re.
Input Impedance:

b B i
Z || R Z =
E e b
1)R ( r Z + + = | |
) R (r Z
E e b
+ ~ |
E b
R Z | ~
Calculation for the current I
e
E e
i
e
e
e
e
E
e
i
E e
i
e
b
b
i
b e
b
i
b
R r
V
I
r
r
1) (
r
and
1) ( but
R
1) (
r
V

1)R ( r
1)V (
I
gives for Z g subtitutin
Z
V
1) ( 1)I ( I
Z
V
I
+
=
= ~
+
~ +
+
(
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ = + =
=
Impedance Calculations (contd)
Output Impedance:

e E o
r || R Z =
e E

e o
r R
r Z
>>
~
E e
i
e
R r
V
I
ion configurat follower emitter for the impedence output the Defining
+
=
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain (Ai):


e E
E
i
o
v
r R
R
V
V
A
+
= =
E e E e E
i
o
v
R r R , r R
1
V
V
A
~ + >>
~ =
b B
B
i
Z R
R
A
+
~
|
E
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
Voltage gain
1
V
V
A
R r R
, r an greater th much usually R
r R
R
V
V
A
r R
V R
V
i
o
v
E e E
e E
e E
E
i
o
v
e E
i E
o
~ =
~ +
+
= =
+
=
Current Gain
E
i
v i
b B
B
i
b B
B
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
b
o
b e o
b B
B
i
b
b B
i B
b
R
Z
A A or
Z R
R
A
, ) 1 ( since
Z R
R
) 1 (
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
) 1 (
I
I
I ) 1 ( I I
Z R
R
I
I
Z R
I R
I
=
+
~
~ +
+
+ = = =
+ =
+ = =
+
=
+
=
|
| |
|
|
|
Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and
output.
V
o

5/5. Common-Base (CB) Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector.

The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output
impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.
re Model
You will need to determine o and re.
Common-Base (CB) Configuration

e E i
r || R Z =
C o
R Z =
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain (Ai):

e
C
e
C
i
o
v
r
R
r
R
V
V
A ~ = =
o
1
I
I
A
i
o
i
~ = = o
Voltage & Current gain
e
C
e
C
i
o
V
C
e
i
o
e
i
e
C e
C c C o o
r
R
r
R
V
V
A
R
r
V
V
r
V
I
R I
) R I ( R I V
~ = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
=
= =
1
I
I
A
I I I
I I
i
o
i
i e o
i e
= = =
= =
=
o
o o
Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.
V
o

AC Analysis : AC Equivalent Circuit
Transistor can be redrawn for small-signal AC
analysis.
BJT is replaced with an equivalent circuit.
Two transistor equivalent model will be
introduced
THE r
e
TRANSISTOR MODEL.
THE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL

Lecture 6-BJT Signal Analysis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 6-BJT Signal Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES

BJT signal analysis

You might also like