P

PRESENTED BY:-JYOTI CHAUDHARY

ME(3
rd
YR)
1118740020
KALINA CYCLE
Thermodynamic cycle
Major break through to the power engineering.
Uses Ammonia and Water as working
substance.
Waste heat recovery & geothermal heat energy
conversion(ORC & Kalina cycle).
Produces 50% more power.

Developed and presented by ALEXANDER
KALINA(1980s).
First major kalina cycle technology
demonstration was constructed by US
department of energy between 1991-1997 at
Canoga Park in California.
Its power output was about 6.5 MW and ran
for 8600hrs.

Theoretical cycle on which
steam engine or steam turbine
works.
Uses water as working fluid
(simple rankine cycle).
Uses hydrocarbon or refrigerant
as working substance (ORC).
Consist of
boiler,turbine,condenser & feed
pump.
2-3 constant pressure
heat addition.
3-4 isentropic
expansion.
4-1 constant pressure
heat rejection.
1-2 isentropic
compression.
Working medium should have the following characteristics-
High critical temperature combined with low pressure.
Low triple point temperature.
Condenser pressure should not be too low.
Large latent heat of vapourisation .
High conductivity.
Economic & safer, inert,non-corrosive,chemical stability,non-
toxic,cheap, available in abundance.



It consist of-
Evaporator (heat addition to the working
mixture).
Phase separator (separates a working mixture
into two separate streams).
Turbine (isentropic expansion).
Regenerator (saturated liquid from separator
gives some of its thermal energy to the cold
working mixture coming from condenser).
Absorber (recombination of two
mass flow).
Condenser(heat rejection).
Pump(isentropic compression).


KALINA CYCLE SYSTEM SG 2, SG
4(Geothermal)

KALINA CYCLE SYSTEM
KCS11,KCS34(Industrial waste heat recovery).
Suitable for power cycle as working fluid mixture
Soluble in each other and easily separable.
Both have different boiling point.
Evaporation and condensation occurs over a large
temperature range.
Inexpensive and extensively used in industry.
Approximately same molecular weight.
Easily available and eco-friendly.
(carnot cycle)=[1-Tmin /Tmax]
(kalina cycle)> (rankine cycle)


ORC (single working fluid)
Evaporation and condensation at fix temperature.
Environmental impacts and restrictions by using
organic substance.
Fluid selection in accordance to the temperature of
heat source
Inflammable , toxic ,GWP(global warming potential)
& ODP(ozone depletion potential).

Used in steel ,cement industries for waste
heat recovery.
Geothermal energy conversion.

Higher efficiency than rankine cycle.
Corrosion and erosion is less.
Helps in utilization of waste heat.
DISADVANTAGE:
Technological complexity & bulkiness of the
unit .
Potential, risk of chemical additives leaking
out to pollute environment.
Requires more pumping power