SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

-CHARACTERISTICS
-PROPERTIES OF Ni-
Ti ALLOY
-APPLICATION OF
MEMS
13U252 -SUGUNESH V.P
13U253 -SURIYA M
13U254 -SWATHEE P.T
13U255 -TAMILKUMARAN T.K
13U256 -VAISHNAVI K.V
13U257 -VARSHA ANAND
13U258 -VISHNUPRIYAN
Small memory alloys (sma)
Have ability to return to a predefined shape when
heated
sma- below its transition temperature has very low yeild
and can be deformed into any shape which it will retain
When heated above transition temperature changes
crystal structure and returns to its original shape

Thermal stability, practicability, supirior thermo mechanic
performance
Smas:- NiTi, Cu-Al-Ni , Ni-Mn-Ga,.
Most of the sma 10C change in temperature initiates phase
change
Phase change:
1. Martensite soft and easily deformed phase of sma , occurs at
low temperature
Molecular phase : twinned
2.Austenite stronger sma,occurs at high temperatures

Ni-Ti ALLOYS
Binary equiatomic compound of Ni-Ti alloy.
They have more thermal stability,high
ductility,better bio-compatibility.
Heat treatment affects the the properties of
Ni-Ti alloys.
Density is 6.5 g/cm
3
.
Melting temperature in the range 1240 to
1310C.
The transformation temperature can be
modified from less than 100C to over
100C.

APPLICATIONS
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS:
-Microsurgical instruments.
-As dental arch wires.
-Repairing of bones.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
- As a valve in medical
instruments and mass flow controllers.
-As pipe connectors.


Two way memory effect

Alloy remembers 2 shapes- low and
high temperature (heating and
cooling).
Due to training-shape memory can
learn to behave in a certain way.
It is trained to remember to leave
some reminders of the low temp
condition in the high temp phases.
Trained material heated to a very
extent (amnesia).
One way memory effect

Alloy is in cold state(below As).
Can be deformed and will hold the shape
till transition temperature.
Upon heating, it regains its original
shape.
When it cools,it remains in its hot shape
until its deformed again.
Cooling does not produce macro change.
Deformation is necessary to create low
temperature shape.

Thermal stability, practicability, supirior thermo mechanic
performance
Smas:- NiTi, Cu-Al-Ni , Ni-Mn-Ga,.
Most of the sma 10C change in temperature initiates phase
change
Phase change:
1. Martensite soft and easily deformed phase of sma , occurs at
low temperature
Molecular phase : twinned
2.Austenite stronger sma,occurs at high temperatures

Psuedo-elasticity
Frames of reading glasses-undergo large deformations in their
high temperature state and revert back when stress is removed-
psuedo elasticity.
The martensitic phase is generated by stressing the material in
austenitic phase.
Martensite phase is capable of large strains.
With the removal of load, martensite reverts to austenite phase
and material gains its original form.
Nearly undestructible- no permanent deformation.

Characteristics of smas
1. Shape memory effect
2. Pseudo elasticity
Shape memory effect:-
o Observed when the temperature of a piece of sma is cooled below
Mf.
o This stage- completely martensite (easily deformed).
o After deformation, heating above Af reverts the material to its
original shape.
o The heat transferred is the power driving the molecular
rearrangement .
o Now, the martensite is converted to cubic austenite phase.


Hysteresis
The difference between
the transition
temperatures upon
heating and cooling
That is:-
Temperature at which
material is 50%
transformed to austenite
upon heating.
50% transformed to
martensite upon cooling.
This difference is about
20-30 c.
CONSUMER PRODUCTS:
-Eye glass frame
-Golf equipment in golf clubs
-To produce working toys
-used in safety instrument products.
AUOTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS:
-As a thermostat , to open and close
the valve for the water to flow through the cooling
system.
- As a sealing plugs for high
temperature.

ADVANTAGES:
High power/weight ratio
Noiseless and silent training
High corrosion resistance
Can be controlled with electrical current
LIMITATIONS:
Difficult to weld
Release of Ni acts as allergen and also a
possible carcinogen.
APPLICATIONS OF MEMS IN
SENSORS
MICROGRIPPERS
OPTICAL APPLICATIONS
BIOMEDICAL



1. SENSORS

MEMS Sensors
Sensors are a major application for MEMS devices.
Three primary MEMS sensors
pressure sensors
inertial sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes)
MEMS sensors can be used in combinations with other
sensors for multisensingapplications. For example, a
MEMS can be designed with sensors to measure the flow
rate of a liquid sample and at the same time identify any
contaminates within the sample.



MEMS Pressure Sensor:
MEMS pressure sensors use a flexible diaphragm as the sensing device.
One side of the diaphragm is exposed to a sealed, reference pressure and
the other side is open to external pressure.
The diaphragm moves with a change in the external pressure.

MEMS Inertial Sensors :
Newton's First Law of Motion (also referred to as the law of
inertia) states, "An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed
and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
MEMS inertial sensors are designed to sense a change in an
object's inertia, and then convert, or transduceinertial force
into a measurable signal. They measure changes in
acceleration, vibration, orientation and inclination. This is
done through the use of micro-sized devices called
accelerometers and gyroscopes.
MEMS Accelerometers:
The simplest MEMS accelerometer sensor is an inertial mass
suspended by springs.
The mass is deflected from its nominal position as a result of
acceleration. This deflection of the mass is converted to an
electrical signal as the sensor's output
MEMS Gyroscopes:
A gyroscope is generally a spinning wheel or disk with a free axis
allowing it to take any orientation (below left). Some MEMS
gyroscopes use a vibrating structure rather than the traditional
rotating disk to determine orientation (see bottom right)
MEMS in the Automotive Industry:
MEMS pressure sensors sense, monitor and transmit
Tire pressure
Fuel pressure
Oil pressure
Air flow
Absolute air pressure within the intake manifold of the engine
2.MICRO GRIPPERS:
Grippers or tweezers used in a variety of
fields to clasp, pick up, and move micron
to nanosizecomponents. The
microgrippers(50 microns thick),
developed by ZyvexCorporation, pick and
place other microdevicesin an automated
microassemblyprocess. The gripper on
the left opens to 100 microns. The
gripper on the right opens to 125 microns
MEMS Microgrippers
3.OPTICAL APPLICATIONS
The objective for optical MEMS is to integrate
optical, mechanical and electronic functions into
one device. Optical MEMS have already been quite
successful in display technologies.
Two commercial devices Digital Mirror Devices
and Grating Light Valve -redirect light to create
high definition imaging from digital signals. Both of
these devices are used in video projection systems
such as rear and front projection televisions.
Texas Instrument's Digital Mirror Devices (DMD)
have been used for several years in a variety of
projection systems including video projection and
digital cinema. The technology is called digital light
processing or DLPTM, a trademark owned by Texas
Instruments, Inc.
TIs DLP (digital light processing) System:
A DMD is an array of micromirrors (left figure). Each micromirror
(between 5um and 20um square) is designed to tilt into (ON) or
away from (OFF) the light source. The mirror tilts when a digital
signal energizes an electrode beneath the mirror. One mirror can
be turned OFF and ON as many as 30,000 times per second. There
are thousands of mirrors in an array with less than 1 mspacing
between them. The DLP 1080p technology delivers more than 2
million pixels for true 1920x1080p resolution.The diagram on the
right illustrates how the DLP system works
CROSSSECTION OF GLV FABRICATION
The Grating Light Valve (GLV):
The GLV device developed by Silicon Light
Machines, is another micro optical based system.
This microdevice consists of several silicon nitride
ribbons coated with aluminum. A set of four
ribbons (two fixed and two moveable) produce a
20 msquare pixel.
The ribbons are held "up" by the tensile strength
of the material (silicon nitride and aluminum).
The moveable ribbons are "moved" up and down
electrostatically. Electrodes are placed under the
moveable ribbons. Variable voltages applied to
the electrodes pull the ribbons down. When no
voltage is applied, the tensile strength of the
ribbon will allow it to snap back.
GLVs are used in high definition TVs and are being
investigated for use in masklessphotolithography.

MEMS ARE WIDELY USED IN VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF .
MEDICALFIELD
Cell manipulation

Stomal cell interactions

Micro needles

Pressure sensor

Cardiology

Insulin micropumps

Endoscopic pills
Clinical Laboratory Testing:
The picture to the right shows a lab-
on-a-chip (LOC). This device literally
takes the laboratory testing of
biomolecular samples (e.g. blood,
urine, sweat, sputum) out of the
typical medical lab and places it in
the field and even at home.
Using microfluidics and chemical
sensors, this MEMS or bioMEMS can
simultaneously identify multiples
analytes (substances being
analyzed).
An example of a home LOC is the
home pregnancy test. This bioMEMS
uses a reactive coating that identifies
a specific protein found in the urine
of pregnant women.